Controlling Carbon emissions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Controlling Carbon emissions - Essay Example Carbon sequestration is a component of CCS (carbon capture and storage). CCS aims at capturing carbon dioxide, transporting it to the place of storage and finally ensuring it is safely stored. Of all the available storage options, carbon geosequestration may be the most viable. This is because the process of geosequestration is characterized by ability to handle large volumes of gases at long periods of time. The process of geosequestration has not been commercially proven to be viable. However, it has been applied in processes of extraction oil. Carbon dioxide gas is injected into oil reservoirs. It pushes the oil up due to pressure improving the rate at which oil is flowing out. Carbon dioxide remains in the reservoirs hence, it is stored (Metz, B., Davidson, O., Swart, R., and Pan, J. 153). The process of carbon sequestration is being investigated in several parts of the world. Demonstrations are being undertaken to determine how safe and feasible this process is. The oldest demon stration has been operation since 1996 (Goulder. and Mathai, 36-37). This is the Sleipner project which store approximately 1 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. Canada has the largest project (Weyburn project) of carbon sequestration which stores about 1.5 million tons of carbon every year in its process of oil extraction. ... and Mathai, 38). Cost of Carbon Sequestration High costs pose a great challenge to carbon sequestration. It is estimated that a ton of carbon dioxide costs more than 30 dollars to sequestrate (Grubler, Nakicenovic, and Nordhaus, eds. 112). There are great technical difficulties in reducing these costs given current levels of technology. There is technological knowhow and mechanisms of separating carbon dioxide and hydrogen. However, the capital and costs of operations are quite high. This is mainly because these technologies are preferably applied in fossil fuel combustion. There are is need for more research and development in this field in order to reduce the costs of carbon sequestration. Costs of mitigating leakages of carbon dioxide form the ground are also very high. If this gas’ concentration is stabilized at double preindustrial levels, a 1% leakage is tantamount to around 850 billion dollars annually up to 2095 (Kauppi 98).therefore, a leakage of around 1 percent or l ess poses an intolerable transfer of cost to future generations. However, there is no empirical evidence that 1 % or less carbon dioxide is leaked from reservoirs. This further increases the uncertainty of costs meaning that the economic burden of carbon sequestration might even be higher than anticipated (Kauppi 105). Potential problems of carbon sequestration There are three main problems of carbon sequestration. These are; Storage security, heightened energy consumption and lack of large-scale practicality. Storage security involves the potential danger of storing carbon dioxide at very high pressure levels. Any technology used in injecting carbon dioxide is susceptible to human errors. Such an error would cause loses in property worth millions and thousands of

Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Implementation Problem

Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Implementation Problem Aggregate is one of the most vitally important materials in use for production as it profoundly influences concrete properties and performances. In terms of volume, aggregate is now one of the most widely used materials in the construction industry and, consequently, its treatment at the point of demolition is attracting mush interest. This is to represent total aggregate production, including usage in concrete and road base. Aggregate usage in concrete constitutes perhaps between 25 and 35 per cent of the total aggregate production. The sheer bulk of global aggregate usage is staggering. The above inevitably impacts on the environment due to the great huge quantity of general and construction waste materials or from building demolition site generated in developed countries. The disposal of all this waste has become a harsh social and environmental problem. This is a large burden on the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s natural resources and an increasingly expensive problem for solid waste management. Therefore, a possible alternative aggregate method to overcome this issue may be using recycled concrete aggregate instead of natural aggregate in construction task. The solution not only helps preserve and expand the natural resources, but also can reduce waste disposal costs as well as the removal of waste at landfills requirements. In this project, the order most important issue is to determine the best solution to make the recycled concrete aggregate economical for most infrastructure tasks especially in structural concrete. The degree of potential recycling of construction waste will show how the changes to become a new source or production, and find out whether it applies to, or less in Malaysia. Therefore, it can become a reference of implementation to the developers and contractors or increase recycling percentage of construction waste of their construction project. RESEARCH GOAL 1.2.1 TITLE The use of recycled concrete aggregate and implementation problem recycle in Malaysia. 1.2.2 AIM The research is to study how the recycled concrete aggregate be produced and its application. Besides that, the research also to examine the implementation problem for recycling concrete or aggregate in Malaysia construction industry. 1.2.3 OBJECTIVE 1) To define the method of recycling aggregate for use in concrete 2) To find out the application of recycled concrete aggregate 3) To determine the implementation problem of recycling concrete or aggregate in Malaysia. HYPOTHESIS Although the concrete or aggregate waste in Malaysia increasing, but Malaysia does not recycling concrete or aggregate rather than other country, such as Japan. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the factors affecting recycling concrete aggregate? How the implementation of recycling concrete aggregate in Malaysia compare with other country. BACKGROUND The recycled concrete aggregate can be defined as crushed concrete composed of aggregate fragments coated with cement paste or cement mortar from the demolition of the old structures or pavements that has been processed to produce aggregates suitable for use in new concrete. (Environmental Council of Concrete Organizations, 1999)The processing, as with many natural aggregates, generally involves crushing, grading and washing. This removes contaminant materials such as reinforcing steel, remnants of formwork, gypsum board, and other foreign materials. (G. D. Taylor, 1991) The application of Recycled Aggregate is mostly currently in low quality/strength concrete, for example, pavement base and slab rather than used in structural concrete. The most common application of Recycled Concrete Aggregate is the use in concrete sub-base in road construction, bank protection, noise barriers and embankments, many types of general bulk fills and fill materials for drainage structures. After the removal of contaminants through selective demolition, screening, and/or air separation and size reduction in a crusher to aggregate sizes, crushed concrete can be used as new concrete for pavements, shoulders, median barriers, sidewalks, curbs and gutters, and bridge foundations; structural grade concrete; soil-cement pavement bases; moulded concrete bricks and blocks, such as bituminous concrete. (Environmental Council of Concrete Organizations, 1999) SCOPE OF STUDY This research will identify about the recycle collection method, technical and process of aggregate is being study. Besides that, is to study the application of recycled concrete aggregate in construction industry. Lastly is the factor which may affecting the recycling potential such as, economic benefit, environment consideration and carry out the recycle service of concrete aggregate also a path of scope of study. The data and information were collected through literature reviews, questionnaires, and case study, all of these are facts and no assumptions have been made. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In this research paper, information and data will be collected by 3 major approaches, the primary data source which will be postal questionnaire and interview. Secondary data source is literature review. These research methods are being chosen other than the case study because it is more suitable to be used in the research and can be done in a larger scope. Literature study Reference Books and Article In this research, I will get the information from library resource and reference books. Literature review on the topic of this research can find out from Library College. I have also refers the senior dissertation as a references or guideline in order to get some scheme to complete my research. Electronic information For the electronic information, I will search the information from websites for example www.google.com, www.yahoo.com, emerald are used to find the relevant information regarding to my objective and summary for article. Questionnaires For the questionnaire is prepared in order to achieve the objectives. I would like to use postal questionnaires method, which can collect broader perception and data for research analysis and facilitate the outcome of this study. The questionnaires is designed to answers the objective that has been outlined. The questionnaire is distributed to selected construction firm company and experience personnel such as main contractor. In order to obtain a high accuracy of survey, 30 sets of questionnaire are sending out. The next step after the data collection would be data analysis. This method includes compiling all the data collected. The survey is carried out to further look deep into the implementation problem and its factor of recycling in Malaysia construction industry. Interview I would like to use interview as my survey. I selected this methodology because it is face to face communication and can obtain direct respond. Interview methodology will be the structure interview. The interviewees for my survey will be the experience contractor or recycling company. Form the interview, interviewees can provide the right information, valuable opinion, and experience about the factor and implementation problem may affect the recycling potential in Malaysia 1.6 CONTENT OUTLINE Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2.1: Recycling and reuse concrete aggregate recycling method for aggregate, which use as concrete Standards and specifications of recycled concrete aggregate Chapter 2.2: The advantages or disadvantages of reuse the recycled material waste Cost, quality and properties Source and environment Chapter 2.3: The application of recycled concrete aggregate The use of recycled concrete material in construction industry Chapter 2.4: The implementation problem recycling concrete aggregate in Malaysia The status of implementation to recycling concrete aggregate The factor of implementation problem recycling concrete aggregate Chapter 5: Designing the case study and research methodology Chapter 6: Analysis and evaluating the case study evidence Chapter 7: Recommendation and conclusion

Robert E. Lee Essay -- essays research papers fc

In 2003, Roy Blount Jr. published the book Robert E. Lee through the Penguin Group Inc. This book is different then other books published about Lee due to the fact that this book looks behind the man in uniform, and shows how Lee became the legend that we know today. Blount brings an element of humor that some would not expect to find when writing about Lee. Through this type of writing, Lee transforms into the everyday person who we all can relate to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blount takes the reader through the life of Robert E. Lee. However, Blount dances to a different beat while telling the story of Lee. There are some details about Lee that have been overlooked or ignored by other writers that Blount made prominent in this biography. One of these is Lee’s humor when it comes to the word â€Å"Pussyism† (57). This word was used when referring to the Oxford movement in the Church of England. Lee walked into conservation between two junior officers and declared, â€Å"Beware of Pussyism! Pussyism is always bad, and may lead to unchristian feeling; therefore beware of Pussyism!†(58). Lee is brought alive into the readers mind by this type of humor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blount begins the journey through Lee’s life with Lee’s father, Henry â€Å"Light Horse Harry† Lee. Henry was a Revolutionary War hero who went bankrupt and disgraced the Lee name. When Robert was a young child his father went to Baltimore to assist in the defense of a newspaper that was opposed to the war o...

Gary Paulsen Biography Essay

The 1990’s was a time known as the â€Å"Digital Decade†. A time when the Stock Market rocketed and the internet took off. Along with technology becoming popular, Gary Paulsen was writing one of his two hundred novels, The River. It showed how the U.S. Government wanted young Brian to go back in the wilderness and reenact his survival skills he used a few years back, after he was involved in a plane crash. Gary Paulsen is a great novel and short story writer for people of all ages. He is one of America’s most popular writers for young people, including adults and children (About). His life was full of interesting things. Many of the things he did, including working on a farm over the summer in his youthful years, and jobs such as being an engineer, construction worker, sailor, truck driver, and ranch hand gave him lots of material to work with from which he created his great stories (About). Throughout his life, since he started writing, he has written over 100 b ooks and short stories and many have became very popular. Gary Paulsen was born May 17, 1939 in Minneapolis, Minnesota (About). His parents were Oscar and Eunice Paulsen (Gary). In his youth he was never a â€Å"dedicated† student in school but he had a passion for reading ever since he was very young (About). On a cold, wintery day, he walked into a library to warm up with nothing to do. On the way out he had himself his own library card and a book to read. From then on he was hooked to reading and writing (Gary). He spent many hours alone in the basement of his apartment building, reading book after book after book. Soon after he acquired a taste for adventure when he ran away from his home to travel with the carnival at the age of 14 (About). Yates 2 In 1959, he attended Bemidji College in Minnesota, and he worked as a trapper to pay off tuition fees. He quit college two years after and joined the Army, working for the missiles department (Biography). In 1966, Paulsen began to write and has completed well over 100 books and short stories. He has written fiction, nonfiction, and drama for adults and children. He still continues to write to this day. Many of his nonfiction books relate to his jobs and interests. He has written books about farming, hiking, football, tennis, skiing, and canoeing (Gary). Gary Paulsen says its his overwhelming belief in young people that drives him to write (About). A few of his best sellers are: Lawn Boy, The River, Brian’s Winter, Brian’s Hunt, The Rifle, Soldier’s Heart, Tracker, The Crossing, Sentries, and Brain’s Return (Biography). Three of his novels- Hatchet, Dogsong, and the Winter Room were Newberry Honor Books. They often appear along with his other books on the best books list of the American Library Association (About). One thing Gary loves to do most was dog-sled racing. He took part in the famous 1,180 mile long dog-sled race known as the Iditarod twice, once in 1983 and again in 1985. His third attempt was shattered when he was diagnosed with a serious heart disease called angina (Gary). After he was forced to give up dog-sled racing, he started to focus more on writing with the same energy and effort that he used on h is dogs while training them for the race. He worked 18-20 hour days every day staying committed to writing the way he would with his dogs. He said all he does is work, he doesn’t have time to drink or fool around. He has always been that way and the end result is a lot of books being published out to the world (About). His wife, Ruth Wright Paulsen is an artist. In fact she has illustrated several books of his. They divide their time up writing and drawing between a home in La Luz, New Mexico and a boat out in the Pacific Ocean (About). Gary Paulsen has written many books during his life. A few have won special awards and honors. Others are liked by many young adults and children. His writing, especially his nonfiction Yates 3 books reflect his interests and past jobs that he had acquired. An example would be his book â€Å"Harris and Me†. About a young boy who works on farm one summer with his cousin, is full of funny and adventurous events. This book is related to Paulsen because he also worked on a farm over the summer doing chores during his youth years. He also likes to write about survival, which you can see in his books Hatchet, Brian’s Winter, and The River. Although Gary Paulsen has written many books, over two hundred of them, one of his books called The River, was written and published in the 1990’s. The 1990’s is a time also known as â€Å"The Digital Decade†. The pace of life quickly sped up in this technology-driven decade (Digital Front Flap). At the beginning of the decade, it seemed that the economy was going to be sluggish. Instead, the Stock Market sky rocketed and the internet took off. From then on it has been a fast pace through life (Digital 79). Mr. Bill Clinton was the president at the time. He had an enthusiasm for people and wanted to help them fulfill their dreams (Digital 63). When Clinton was a boy at age 16, he met with President John F. Kennedy in the Rose Garden and shook his hand. After that day his life changed and he had a strong desire to become the president of the United States of America. Bill Clinton was just 46 years old when he became the nation’s 42nd chief executive. Clinton attempted to fulfill a campaign promise to disable the ban on homosexuals in the military. His decision ended in the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† compromise that didn’t satisfy commanders of the military or the gay community (Digital 66). After a humanitarian effort was launched in Somalia, and after Clinton’s best decisions to handle the situation, thirty American Servicemen died. Ever since that happened, Clinton refused to come in contact with Rwanda, despite widespread genocide that happened there, and caused over one million deaths. More than thirty million American citizens did not have medical insurance in the earl 90’s. Candidate Bill Clinton promised to expand coverage and affordable healthcare for every person in America (Digital 66). He named Hilary Clinton to lead the drive to recreate the health insurance Yates 4 industry. This is why critics accused him of nepotism (Digital 66-67). By the end of his first year in office, many Americans were wondering just how ineffective and unpopular he could become (Digital 67). Laptops and cell phones became popular in offices, airports, and in pants pockets. Huge SUV’s were found all over the road and fashion became as wild and weird as the world wide web itself. Children began spending time with the latest Pokemon cards or playing the latest video game. The 90’s was a time of almost unlimited choices and personal freedom. The 1990’s was summed up by the word â€Å"whatever† (Digital 79). Electronic-game industries had a growth rate twice that of the movie industry and brought in an annual revenue of about 6.3 billion dollars. Even though console based games such as the Playstation and Nintendo became much more faster and complicated than they u sed to be, the real reason behind the game industries huge growth came from the personal-computer games. A new kind of athlete called adrenaline junkies were on the lookout for new and exciting, but often physically dangerous challenges. This created a subculture called â€Å"extreme sports† in the 90’s (Digital 80). Some extreme sports such as sky surfing and street luge were viewed by the people as mostly lunatics, and not athletes. But snowboarding, mountain biking, and climbing became very popular to most people. In 1995, ESPN gave extreme sports some help by creating and airing the X Games. It showed athletes competing in summer and winter competitions (Digital 80). On August 2, 1990, infantry, armor, and tanks of the Iraqi Republican Guard invaded Kuwait and seized control. United States responded with operation DESERT SHIELD to stop invasion of Kuwait’s neighbor, Saudi Arabia (Operation). On August 7, deployment of U.S. Forces began. The U.S. Objectives included immediate, complete, and unconditional withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait. If Iraqi dictat or Saddam Hussein did not remove his troops from Kuwait by January 15, 1991, U.S. led troops were to force them out. On January 17, the U.S. Coalition launched air attacks on Iraqi targets. On February 24, ground forces began their attack. On February 27, Kuwait City was declared Yates 5 liberated. This was known as the Gulf War (Operation). The field of medical science and the advances made in the late 90’s will most likely have the biggest impact on our society (History). The two advances found will leave us with political and moral questions in the future. Cloning and Stem Cell Research are the major medical science advances. The 90’s also saw the development and growth of Genetic Engineering. Genetic Engineering is used to help make plants resistant to herbicides and insecticides. Over 60% of products on U.S. Grocery store shelves have genetic engineering in them (History). The 1990’s was a decade of electronics. The computer and internet were huge inventions in the 90’s. The pace of life was sped up dramatically in this decade. Overall this would have been a great d ecade to choose to live in. With all of the technology and internet setting in, authors were still writing books on paper. One of those authors was Gary Paulsen. He wrote the novel The River in the 1990’s and it is about true survival. The River has a few themes in its story, but the biggest one is true survival versus role playing. After Brian’s survival story when a plane crashed and left him stranded in the woods for fifty-four days, he was asked to reenact it. A psychologist named Derek joins him in what he calls Brian’s reenactment, an â€Å"experiment†. Brian insists that Derek leave behind all of his equipment he is wanting to bring with them (Paulsen 23). He thinks that Derek doesn’t truly understand the spirit of the â€Å"experiment†. Brian’s ability to convince Derek leaves them with a briefcase, and emergency radio, and a few other small things. Brian tells Derek that the only way to teach survival is to physically put a person in a real life or death situation (Paulsen 34). Derek wants Brian to think out loud so he can write down his every thought and move. Then all of the sudden t he so called experiment turned too real way too fast. That night a terrible storm had moved in, and it wasn’t just any storm, it was a storm that Brian had never experienced before. Derek Yates 6 reached for his radio and briefcase and was struck by lightening (Paulsen 52). This is when the experiment turned from role playing to true survival. Brian woke up from the storm and saw Derek laying in a weird position. He was scared that Derek was dead but found out he was only unconscious. He panicked and grabbed the radio to try and get help but the radio was destroyed by the lightening strike. When Brian tries giving Derek water, he chokes immediately (Paulsen 65). Brian fears the worst and knows that Derek won’t be able to get water until someone rescues them. He reaches for Derek’s briefcase and finds only a map inside, but on the map he sees a river. He studies it and finds that a trader’s post is one hundred miles down along the river (Paulsen 73). Brian decides to take Derek with him instead of leaving him alone and coming back for him. This brings us into the symbol of nature and the river. All throughout the novel, nature is a huge part. From the beginning when Brian and Derek first leave for the Canadian wilderness, to camping out and surviving. The whole novel is about surviving the wilderness. Paulsen also shows nature at it’s best when Brian and Derek were attacked by swarms of mosquitoes multiple times while rafting down the river (Paulsen 86). Another point in the novel, they were faced with a dangerous waterfall in the river. The main inspiration for writing this book came from Paulsen’s award winning book Hatchet. So many of his fans loved reading it that they sent Paulsen letters saying they wanted him to write a sequel. After reading the letters, Paulsen came up with the idea to write The River. A perfect sequel to Hatchet, Brian, the main character of the book, is asked to reenact his survival skills by the government when a plane crashed in the Canadian woods and left him stranded for fifty-four days. I think Gary Paulsen wrote this book for the same reason he wrote many of his books, for hi s love of nature. He has always loved nature and survival. Another reason he wrote this book is because he loves to travel. After reading The River, I realized the whole story was about survival. I wasn’t surprised though, as I read many other books from Gary Paulsen including Hatchet, Brian’s Hunt, Brian’s Yates 7 Winter, and Dogsong. All of those books are similar to The River in that they all have a story based off of adventure, survival, and nature. They are all very well written books and I enjoyed them a lot. If you are into books about a realistic, intense, and interesting survival story packed full of adventures, Gary Paulsen is one other you can turn too. I would highly recommend his books, especially The River. Yates 8 Works Cited â€Å"About Gary.† www.RandomHouse.com. Random House, Inc., 2004. Web. 29 Nov 2011. . â€Å"Biography of Gary Paulsen.† usa-people-search.com. USA People Search, 2011. Web. 29 Nov 2011.

Disorder Paper: Depression

In some points in our life, we feel a very deep sadness; feel lethargic and unable to deal with the everyday demands of our existence. However, after a few days of wallowing in sadness, self-pity and negative thoughts, human nature dictates that we recover from this episode and go back to our lives. But the truth is, some people do not recover and becomes enslaved with his/her sadness, uncertainty, depressive thoughts and feelings of uselessness and diminished zest for life that the person is said to be suffering from depression.Depression is a psychological disorder wherein the person’s depressed state is not in proportion to the event that caused the depressive feelings and when it continues past the point of which he/she is expected to recover. Depression is often caused by the stress of major life events like losing someone you love, failing in school or in one’s work, death, or terminal illnesses. Depression is characterized by four symptoms, this include emotional , cognitive, motivational and physical symptoms (Wood, Wood & Boyd, 2006).The most common emotional symptom when a person is depressed is the generalized feeling of sadness and dejection. The individual feels unhappy, hopeless and loses interest in life and previous daily activities. The cognitive symptoms are composed of negative thoughts wherein they have low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy and engage in self-blame when they think of their predicaments and failures.Motivation is very low during depression, the depressed person tend to be passive and difficulty in interacting with others or in participating in activities that require human contact and exchange of ideas. The physical symptoms of depression include the difficulty in sleeping, changes in appetite either an increase or decrease from the normal eating behavior, lethargy, low energy and complains of body aches.There is still help for depressed individuals, treatments like psychotherapy and drugs have helped people br eak away from their depression. Antidepressant drugs help to elevate the mood of depressed individuals. These drugs energize rather than tranquilize, apparently by increasing the availability of two neurotransmitters called norepinephrine and serotonin that are deficient in some cases of depression (Wood, Wood & Boyd, 2006). Antidepressant drugs act in different ways to increase the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.Some drugs block certain enzymes from destroying the two neurotransmitters; others prevent the neurotransmitters from returning to its nerve terminals of origin. However, these drugs are more effective in treating depression caused by biological factors, and like any synthetic drug, there are serious side effects. The most common side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation and urinary retention, others experience severe drop in blood pressure, disruption in cardiac rhythm and rate and may be fatal when taken in excessive doses.A number of new antide pressants called serotonin reuptake inhibitors prolong the serotonin level in the body and have proved effective in treating depression with minimal side effects. Psychotherapy is another treatment method, wherein the depressed individual seeks help from a qualified and licensed therapist. The therapist establishes a helping relationship with the depressed client and may use a number of therapeutic approaches like psychoanalysis, behavior-modification, cognitive behavioral therapies and humanistic therapies (Wood, Wood & Boyd, 2006).The psychotherapeutic technique employed by the therapist would depend on his/her counseling orientation and the needs of the client. However, one that has gained prominence is cognitive behavioral therapy. This method use behavioral modification techniques and at the same time help people take control of their disturbing emotional reactions by teaching them more effective ways in interpreting and thinking about their experiences. Reference Wood, S., Wood, E. & Boyd, D. (2006).   Mastering the World of Psychology 2nd ed.   Boston: Pearson Education Inc.

Art of the Civil Rights Movement

Art of the Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Era of the 1950s and 1960s was a time in Americas history of ferment, change, and sacrifice as many people fought, and died, for racial equality. As the nation celebrates and honors the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (Jan. 15, 1929) on the third Monday of January each year, it is a good time to recognize the artists of different races and ethnicities who responded to what was happening during the years of the 50s and 60s with work that still powerfully expresses the turmoil and injustice of that period. These artists created works of beauty and meaning in their chosen medium and genre that continue to speak compellingly to us today as  the struggle for racial equality continues. Witness: Art and Civil Rights in the  Sixties at the Brooklyn Museum of Art In 2014, 50 years after the establishment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, the Brooklyn Museum of Art hosted an exhibit  called Witness: Art and Civil Rights in the Sixties.  The political  artworks in the exhibit helped promote the Civil Rights Movement. The exhibit included work by 66 artists, some well-known, such as Faith Ringgold, Norman Rockwell, Sam Gilliam, Philip Guston, and others, and included painting, graphics, drawing, assemblage, photography, and sculpture, along with written reflections by the artists. The work can be seen  here  and here. According to Dawn Levesque in the article, Artists of the Civil Rights Movement: A Retrospective, The Brooklyn Museum curator, Dr. Teresa Carbone, was surprised at how much of the exhibits work has been overlooked from well-known studies about the 1960s. When writers chronicle the Civil Rights Movement, they often neglect the political artwork of that period. She says, its the intersection of art and activism.   As stated on the Brooklyn Museum website  about the exhibit: â€Å"The 1960s was a period of dramatic social and cultural upheaval, when artists aligned themselves with the massive campaign to end discrimination and bridged racial borders through creative work and acts of protest. Bringing activism to bear in gestural and geometric abstraction, assemblage, Minimalism, Pop imagery, and photography, these artists produced powerful works informed by the experience of inequality, conflict, and empowerment. In the process, they tested the political viability of their art, and originated subjects that spoke to resistance, self-definition, and blackness.† Faith Ringgold and the American People, Black Light Series Faith Ringgold  (b. 1930), included in the exhibit,  is a particularly inspirational American artist, author, and teacher who was pivotal to the Civil Rights Movement and is known primarily for her narrative quilts of the late 1970s. However, before that, in the 1960s, she did a series of important but less well-known paintings exploring race, gender, and class in her American People series (1962-1967) and Black Light series (1967-1969). The  National Museum of Women in the Arts  exhibited 49 of Ringgolds Civil Rights paintings in 2013 in a show called  America People, Black Light: Faith Ringgolds Paintings of the 1960s. These works can be seen  here. Throughout her career Faith Ringgold has used her art to express her opinions on racism and gender inequality, creating powerful works that have helped bring awareness of racial and gender inequality to many, both young and old. She has written a number of childrens books, including the award-winning beautifully illustrated  Tar Beach. You can see more of Ringgolds childrens books  here. See videos of Faith Ringgold on MAKERS, the largest video collection of womens stories, speaking about her art and activism. Norman Rockwell and Civil Rights Even Norman Rockwell,  the well-known painter of idyllic American scenes, painted a series of Civil Rights Paintings and was included in the Brooklyn exhibit. As Angelo Lopez writes in her article,  Norman Rockwell and  the Civil Rights Paintings, Rockwell was influenced by close friends and family to paint some of the problems of American society rather than merely the wholesome sweet scenes he had been doing for the Saturday Evening Post.   When Rockwell began working for Look Magazine he was able to do scenes expressing his views on social justice. One of the most famous was The Problem We All Live With, which shows the drama of school integration.   Arts of the Civil Rights Movement at the Smithsonian Institution Other artists and visual voices for the Civil Rights Movement can be seen through a collection of art from the Smithsonian Institution. The program, Oh Freedom!  Teaching African American Civil Rights Through American Art at the Smithsonian, teaches the history of the Civil Rights movement and  the struggles for racial equality beyond the 1960s through the powerful images that artists created. The website is an excellent resource for teachers, with descriptions of the artwork along with its meaning and historical context, and a variety of lesson  plans to use in the classroom.  Ã‚   Teaching students about the Civil Rights Movement is as important today as ever, and expressing political views through art remains a powerful tool in the struggle for equality and social justice.

Disability Attorneys of Michigan Helps a Local Bar Manager Get Disability Benefits

Disability Attorneys of Michigan Helps a Local Bar Manager Get Disability Benefits Disability Attorneys of Michigan Helps a Local Bar Manager Get Disability Benefits Michelle was managing a successful bar when she suffered a serious head injury resulting in daily migraines and memory loss. She had to stop receiving treatment because her insurance was cancelled.We fought to get Michelle the social security disability benefits she needed.If you are unable to work due to a physical or mental disability, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan, at 800-949-2900. We will work hard to get you the disability benefits you need.Disability Attorneys of Michigan have helped thousands of people win the disability benefits they need. Living with a disability is hard enough, but without a regular income life is a real struggle.If you are disabled and unable to work, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check. If we do not win your disability case, you owe us nothing. We only get paid if we win your disability benefits claim.Disability Attorneys of Michigan works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the disability benefits they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, medical or mental disability, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan now for a free consultation at 800-949- 2900.Let Michigan’s Leading Social Security Disability Law Firm Help You Get The Benefits You Deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan. Compassionate Excellence. DA Michigan, Denied Claim, Disability Attorneys, Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Michigan Social Security Disability Law Firm, Social Security Disability, social security disability law firm, SSD Claim, TV Commercial

38 Letters of the Alphabet

38 Letters of the Alphabet 38 Letters of the Alphabet 38 Letters of the Alphabet By Maeve Maddox Daniel’s post on the letter Z certainly had the readership hopping on April 1! Most readers quickly got the joke and joined in on the April foolery, but a few seemed to be really annoyed with us. The comments are still coming in and make enjoyable reading. A â€Å"perfect† alphabet would have one letter for every speech sound. As everybody knows, and nearly everybody loves to point out, English does not enjoy a perfect alphabet. Of the 26 letters in the English alphabet, only 14 stand for a single speech sound: b, d, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, w, z If we want to think about getting rid of â€Å"unnecessary† letters, the best candidate is not z, but c. C has no sound of its own, but is an alternate spelling for the sounds /k/ and /s/ as in camp and cent. The next least necessary letter is q. Alone it represents the sound /k/. With a u it stands for the sound /kw/: Iraq, queen. Of the five remaining consonant letters, f, g, s, x, and y, four represent distinct sounds of their own, but can also represent consonant sounds already represented by other letters: f: fun, of g: go, giraffe s: sin, miser x: fox, xylophone The letter y can stand for either a consonant or a vowel: y: yellow, gym As for the vowel letters a, e, i, o, and u, the sounds they represent number at least 12 (In American speech, the vowel sounds of father and on are the same): a: at, ape, father e: Ed, be i: in, ice o: on, no, to u: up, uke, put That takes care of the 26 letters of the English alphabet, but that’s not the end of the story. Much of the confusion regarding English spelling comes from pretending that English is spelled with the 26 single letters of the alphabet. The truth is, we use letter combinations as extra letters to represent speech sounds that are not represented by any of the single letters. Here are 12 combinations that represent distinct speech sounds: ow: cow oi: oil aw: law ar: car or: for er: her sh: ship wh: wheel ch: church th: thin, this ng: sing si; vision Any way you cut it, English spelling is complicated, but knowing about the combinations that represent sounds not in the alphabet can clear up a lot of the confusion. As for getting rid of any of the letters, the Defense of Z on April 1 shows how popular that idea would be! NOTE: Alternate spellings exist for the sounds /ow/, /oi/, /aw/, /er/, and /sh/. Alternate spellings also exist for many of the sounds represented by the single letters. The subject of alternate spellings is best reserved for another post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of Phrases8 Writing Tips for BeginnersSupervise vs. Monitor

Write an Executive Summary that is well written and has a clear idea Research Paper

Write an Executive Summary that is well written and has a clear idea of 's organization and structure - Research Paper Example AJLM Manufacturing Inc. has announced its plans to improve its welding capabilities and improve the processes in the facilities within the company. AJLM Manufacturing Inc. is the small provider of metal welding and fabrication in the region, the company is now making it public its strategy to expand and improve welding services it is providing to its customers in different industries (AJL Manufacturing, Inc., 2015). The company’s vision is to be the company that provides precise welding capabilities to its customers in the best way they can. The company has a very good background with regard to welding services and in light of its move to expand and digitize it operations AJLM Manufacturing Inc. is confident that it has the ability to provide the best quality service required for application in diverse industries ranging from commercial to automotive industries. The company is planning to upgrade its welding equipment (AJL Manufacturing, Inc., 2015). The expansion will also include upgrading current spray arc, stainless steel and aluminum welding as well as silver soldering systems. With digitization and expansion the company will be in a better position than before to provide the essential welding service. There are different welding systems used by the company and with the company have continued to offer its customers quality source of welding services in the region and now moving across to other county. With this the company is alive to the fact that it is very important not only to be equipped with a lot of welding capabilities but also to upgrade them as well (AJL Manufacturing, Inc., 2015). When it comes to welding the company adopts different technique and uses different tools they have acquired and the ones they have kept and maintained over time. The current project at hand is to digitize and expand, and the companies technicians will be trained to acquaint

Ecological consequences of natural or anthropogenic activities Essay

Ecological consequences of natural or anthropogenic activities - Essay Example Transpiration has become a major part in individuals’ daily life. Several individuals consider different transport options in order to enhance their goals of life. Fast and effective transport options ensure business communications, personal travelling and several other aspects. In addition to this, several automobile manufacturers consider the factor of technological advancement during the manufacturing of automobile vehicles. Most importantly, this transportation has several critical and inadequate ecological consequences in this present era of globalization. Therefore, transpiration can be considered as one of the major anthropogenic activities. Huge amount of energy requires running a vehicle. Electricity and fossil fuels are the major energy sources that are required to run vehicles. It is true that high consumption of fossil fuels and petroleum can help a vehicle to run smoothly. This high consumption level of fossil fuels and petroleum resources are affecting the ecological and environmental balance quite critically. High carbon emission level is the major consequence of high consumption of natural oil and gas resources. High carbon emission level increases the volume of nitrous oxides and particulates in the air. It automatically increases the temperature of atmosphere that causes air pollution. Green house gas emission is the major reason behind this increase of global atmospheric temperature. This is becoming a serious ethical challenge for global environment and ecology. Several serious diseases, such as cancer, respiratory problems, heart problems and other diseases are the major consequences of this global warming and air pollution. People are facing difficulty to take fresh oxygen and water due to growing level of air pollution and global warming (Oshitani, 2006). Moreover, several species are abolishing from ecology due to this issue. Each and every animal has a major role to play in maintaining

The Effectivity of Compressed Bandaging in Treating Venous Leg Ulcer Dissertation

The Effectivity of Compressed Bandaging in Treating Venous Leg Ulcer - Dissertation Example Factors that influence the compliance with the compression treatment Conclusion Referencess Abstract Venous ulcer is a common disease that affects about 1-2% of the general population during their lifetime. Treatment of this condition is long-lasting and time consuming and many factors are influencing the effectiveness and the healing rates of compression bandage. In this study we will critically analyze the effectiveness of compression bandage in the treatment of venous ulcers caused by venous insufficiency of the vein system of the lower leg. In order to do so we analyzed 4 studies that researches the different aspect of efficacy of compressive bandages. We analyzed the efficacy of different types of compressive bandages. We also analized the efficacy of compressive bandage compared to surgery and we found that compressive bandages are as effective as surgery in the treatment of venous ulcers on the lower extremities. At the end we also analyzed the factors that affect the compliance of the patients to the therapy and factors that influence the correct application of compression bandages by the medical professionals. We can conclude that compression bandages are the most effective treatment of venous ulcers and the efficacy as effective as any other new method of treatment. Additional research is needed in order to assure the usage of the a ppropriate type of compression systems by the medical professionals. ... Overall prevalence of venous ulcers in the morbidity of the human population is estimated around 0.18% but it is found that 1-2 % of the population suffers from chronic venous leg ulcers (Graham et all 2003). Treatment of vein ulcers is long lasting and costly and the disease is prone to remissions and exacerbations. It is estimated that approximately 1% of the total health budget in European western countries is spend in treatment and care of patients with this condition. In United States the estimated costs for the treatment and care of about 6 million patients with venous leg ulcers is estimated on 2.5 billion dollars a year (Nelzen 2000) (Phillips et al. 1994). Venous ulcers are the most important cause of chronic wounds representing 70 to 90 percents of all chronic wounds which significantly influence the quality of life of the affected patients over prolonged periods of time. There are many theories about the etiology of this disease but the exact etiology is still not well und erstood. Veins in the calf are constituted of two different and interconnected systems - deep and superficial vein system which are divided between themselves by the muscle fascia in the calf. Veins that constitute the deep system eventually form the popliteal and femoral vein, are located beneath the muscle fascia and are responsible for collecting the blood from the deeper tissues and muscles of the calf. In this system within the muscles there are located veins with larger volume (sinuses), without valves that act as reservoirs of blood when the calf muscles are at rest. This system of deep veins can collect up to 150 ml of blood in normal individual, but they can storage much more if there are malformations in this system. The

(Economics major) The factors that influences our current gasoline Essay

(Economics major) The factors that influences our current gasoline price. ( crude oil, tax, etc..) - Essay Example To further explain, the following component and circumstance are explained on how they affect the price of petrol. Factors That Influences our Current Gasoline Price 1. Crude Oil Of all the factors that influenced the cost of gasoline, the cost of crude oil is the single most significant factor that influences our current gasoline price. It accounts up to 55 % of the total gasoline price. The cost of crude changes over time and varies among different regions of the country and the world. Crude oil cost, just like any commodity in the market is also determined by the law of supply and demand. As the law states, when supply cannot keep up with the demand, the price will naturally go up. This is also the case of crude oil where demand is perpetual while supply can be precarious due to a lot of factors. The price of gasoline is influenced by both the demand and the supply side. On the demand side, it is us consumers who determines it according to our consumption of energy and also genera lly the world’s economic growth or downturn. This happens when there is an economic growth where demand for energy increases and that means that the requirement for fuel will also naturally increases and that will translate for higher prices in crude. ... OPEC exerts a significant influence on the price of crude because its member countries constitute 43 % of the world’s crude supply in 2010. That is more than half of the world’s requirement for crude coming from a single entity or organization that it can literally dictate the price of crude my contracting production or by overproduction. When the nations that comprise OPEC choose to raise the price of crude oil, all it has to do is to reduce production and that will immediately in the price of crude. Because when there is scarcity of supply or a fear of future oil shortage, price of crude will inevitably go up. Classic example of this would be the incident in April 2001 when OPEC reduced its oil output by one million barrels per day which jacked up the prices of gasoline in the following month. The Role of OPEC While it is OPEC that accounts 43 % of the world’s supply of crude that it can dictate the amount of crude by merely contracting its supply, it cannot ho wever do so in a whim. It has to maintain a certain price to subsidize its future exploratory cost for oil and also to shield itself from the depreciation of the dollar of which oil contracts are denominated. OPEC doesn't want oil prices too high, or alternative fuel sources start to look good. OPEC has said its target price for oil is between $70-$80 a barrel. (See  High Oil Prices Caused by Wall Street, Not OPEC)(Article updated April 15, 2011) 2. Refining Cost Crude is the raw material of gasoline. But before crude can be made into gasoline that can be sold in gasoline stations, it has to be processed and refined first. The characteristic or type of gasoline that is made available is highly dependent on how it will be processed at the refinery where it is being produced. This

Canadian And World Issues- GMO and the Bee Essay

Canadian And World Issues- GMO and the Bee - Essay Example GMOs affect the environment and systems in different perspectives. Use of GM plants encourages the use of herbicides and insecticides in farming (Lichtfouse, 2010). These herbicides can potentially harm birds, insects, soil organisms and marine ecosystems owing to its toxicity. This brings about a reduction in biodiversity, pollution of water resources and there an almost zero sustainability. The GMOs also cause reduced births and regeneration of other species of plants and animals (Carter, Moschini & Sheldon, 2011). The long-term effects of GMOs are usually unpredictable. GMOs may cause long-term toxicity of the organisms through unclean agricultural methods. Toxicity of organisms is promoted by their likelihood to develop bioaccumulation effects of chemicals from pesticides. The explicit nature of the GM crops is such that there are fewer weed flowers, meaning less nectar for prospective cross pollinators. Specific constraints associated with GMOs include increased cases of food allergies, significant decrease in the foods’ nutritional value and increased body resistance to antibiotics Scientifically, through comparable research findings, it is highly un-recommended that an individual eat GM foods on a daily basis. In fact, consumption of GM foods has no complete approval from both health experts and the scientific community who have established the side effects of GMOs (Carter, Moschini & Sheldon, 2011). Therefore, a person would have numerous problems by opting to consume GMO regularly including enhanced chances for nutritional – related ailments such as diabetes, anemia and food poisoning. It is a factual assertion that human food supply is an interconnected system of processes and inputs by different actors. The components of the food supply work in a coordinated and integrated manner with each one complementing the other. So said, it therefore mean that

Global Marketing Management. British Petroleum Essay

Global Marketing Management. British Petroleum - Essay Example Internationalisation in terms of marketing can be defined as the outward venture of a company into the international shores to expand its objective, market share and explore new opportunities. Every major company worldwide have ventured or are planning to venture in foreign land to grab the opportunity lying ahead in terms of resource availability, manpower, technology, etc. Internationalisation has helped in bringing the business around globe under one umbrella by making the goods & services available across the different continents and emerging as global brands. Global marketing is the need of the hour in today’s time with more & more organisations making their presence felt in almost all countries. Global venture for the organisations has helped to standardise their products, improve the services and lastly integrated marketing (Johanson, 2008, p. 11-15). There are number of companies from different parts of the world who are now not subjugated as companies concentrating on domestic market, but, can be termed as companies catering to multi-domestic market. Organisations have believed in being a global company then domestic player with their approach of considering every country as their home country and doing business as per the ethics and cultural background of that country. There are various examples of such companies which have been a global partner over many decades and one of them is Britoil Public Limited Company. This company was established in the year 1975 as a nationalised company, named as British National Oil Corporation which was later christened as Britoil Public Limited Company. Later in the year 1988 it was acquired by the British Petroleum Company. British Petroleum is a company which is a pioneer in the petroleum field and has been in this business since 1909. British Petroleum is one of the largest oil producing companies in the world with the revenue standing at USD 297, 107 million as of 2010 (BP, 2012). British Petroleum Company: British Petroleum has made its presence felt in around every corner of the world exploring fuel and natural gas, manufacturing other petroleum products, refining, and marketing and into retail. British Petroleum Company has been venturing into different countries with its mission and vision intact. If furthe r it has to be considered that British Petroleum is planning to enter into different horizon what has to be the internationalisation plan for the company, how will the company process its business plan of internationalisation? What will be the market opportunities? Who will be its competitors? What will be its prime purpose for exploring new country? What has to be the preparedness factor the company to opt for internationalisation in different territory? Will the company be capable of implementing its true skills in offshore market where language and culture can halt the company’s plan? These factors can be analysed in a sequential manner to get a clear picture of the whole plan of internationalisation by British Petroleum (Hollensen, 2009, p. 5-7). Financial Status of British Petroleum: British Petroleum is a cartel firm of different companies with main business interest in discovering, producing and marketing of the natural resources of energy. As a company British Petrole um

Canadian And World Issues- GMO and the Bee Essay

Canadian And World Issues- GMO and the Bee - Essay Example GMOs affect the environment and systems in different perspectives. Use of GM plants encourages the use of herbicides and insecticides in farming (Lichtfouse, 2010). These herbicides can potentially harm birds, insects, soil organisms and marine ecosystems owing to its toxicity. This brings about a reduction in biodiversity, pollution of water resources and there an almost zero sustainability. The GMOs also cause reduced births and regeneration of other species of plants and animals (Carter, Moschini & Sheldon, 2011). The long-term effects of GMOs are usually unpredictable. GMOs may cause long-term toxicity of the organisms through unclean agricultural methods. Toxicity of organisms is promoted by their likelihood to develop bioaccumulation effects of chemicals from pesticides. The explicit nature of the GM crops is such that there are fewer weed flowers, meaning less nectar for prospective cross pollinators. Specific constraints associated with GMOs include increased cases of food allergies, significant decrease in the foods’ nutritional value and increased body resistance to antibiotics Scientifically, through comparable research findings, it is highly un-recommended that an individual eat GM foods on a daily basis. In fact, consumption of GM foods has no complete approval from both health experts and the scientific community who have established the side effects of GMOs (Carter, Moschini & Sheldon, 2011). Therefore, a person would have numerous problems by opting to consume GMO regularly including enhanced chances for nutritional – related ailments such as diabetes, anemia and food poisoning. It is a factual assertion that human food supply is an interconnected system of processes and inputs by different actors. The components of the food supply work in a coordinated and integrated manner with each one complementing the other. So said, it therefore mean that

Review of Emirates Airlines and Qatar Airway Essay

Review of Emirates Airlines and Qatar Airway - Essay Example The success has been witnessed in participating in joint services with other airline companies like Middle East Airlines and United Airlines, to limit competition and boost success to the destinations that experience its services. The Middle East Company has been listed as a leading competitor with a strong foundation in Asia and the global continents. Emirates Airlines, conversely, had been established in 1985 to offer airline services. The company has since been considered the overall carrier in Dubai and United Arab Emirates having established its base at Dubai International Airport. Emirates has been based on the ideology of expansion and extending services to clients on the global scene. The company has been presented with the capability of holding the largest capacity of passengers and extended services. The airline operates an enormous fleet of Boeing airplanes, with the set of Airbus to place the services offered as the leading purchaser of the Airbus A380. Moreover, the airl ine boasts of offering the Sky Cargo services to over 15 international countries with diverse destinations. The ownership of the company has been the Dubai Government with connections in all of the global continents possessing ownership to over 103 areas. ... ed by the government of Dubai, has been operating for 23 years while Qatar Airways has been in business for 18 years and is owned by the government of Qatar. The emirates began its life in 1985 with a single aircraft. However, it has grown to be among the world’s leading international airline. It has reinforced Dubai as one of the most important aviation hubs (Cumming, 2007:67). The Qatar airways on the other hand began in 1993. A royal family in the country initially owned it. However, it was re-launched in 1997 under a new management. The government of the country currently holds more than 50% of the total investment. Private investors hold the rest of the shares. Political The political scene within the Middle East region has been favorable due to agreements among countries, which facilitate trade amongst them especially in the aviation industry. These agreements provide ready markets for both airlines. However, both companies were affected by the recent uprising in several Middle Eastern countries, which resulted in the closure of several airports leading to loss of business. Political influences of the specific countries have influence to the operation of the airlines. In Dubai for instance, politics have ridden the government owned emirates airline to a fully global power (Plunkett, 2006:432). The basic aim of this is to make the competitors growth projections not clinch to their desired height. This influence has made the customers of the emirates to rise from barely 8 million in 1996 to almost 29 million ten years later. This forms the most impressive sustained growth the company has ever made. The Qatar aviation is the most dynamic in the region. It is taking sponsorship over the political influence of the country placing it among the world’s fastest

The Eight Principles Of Total Quality Management Information Technology Essay

The Eight Principles Of Total Quality Management Information Technology Essay Total Quality Management is a process that ensures continuous improvement for an organisations future. It is a management system with customer satisfaction as a continual goal. It is TQMs goal to integrate a sense of quality into the culture of how an organisation is run. It hopes to merge different internal branches of an organisation (finance, Communications, RD etc.) and link them all with quality being their main goal, with a view to continual customer focus. This system of management contains 8 principles which are vital in implementing this strategy into an organisations culture. These principles combined with effective leadership should result in a company doing The Right Things Right, First Time. TQM stems from the principle that It is easier to control systems than it is people. Companies depend on their customers to keep them in business. It is essential that a company can keep their customers happy by ensuring that the products received are fit for their intended use. It is also very valuable if a company can foresee future customer needs to ensure they keep the customer base in the future. Here the company can ensure that all its new objectives are customer satisfaction based and can later apply measuring techniques to see if their approach is effective (customer surveys etc.) Leadership Total quality should be adopted into the culture of the organization so proper leadership should create an environment where this is possible. The objectives should be clearly laid out with an emphasis on customer satisfaction. A leader should ensure that all employees are fully aware of their importance to the organisation and should eliminate fear and promote trust. Involvement of People Every person within the organisation must be utilized for their specific skills so everyone is contributing to the organizations goals. This helps create a sense of unity and purpose and leads to a better working environment. This leads to people being accountable for their work and serves as a baseline for quality. It involves people sharing ideas and practices and leads to better trouble shooting. Process Approach The objectives should be clearly outlined and all personnel should be aware of hoe the process will be managed and undertaking. This removes the waste of resources and ensures all efforts are placed on defined essential tasks. This helps increase the rate of work and processes are finished faster. If the process has been properly defined and it has to be repeated, the exact same system can be used as it has been documented and this will further increase efficacy of the work in the future. Systems Approach to Management If you can define interrelated systems, they can be correlated and run under one management guise. Running these various operations under one system leads to more effective work and allows the system to be monitored more easily and have data compiled on the systems efficacy. Through this monitoring continual improvement can be scored and documented. By aligning different departments within an organisation, more focus can be placed on key goals and confidence in the work will be widespread. This can lead to greater results faster. Continual Improvement This is to be a permanent goal for every process undertaken within the organisation. By training staff to use the various continual improvement tools available, a company can leap on an improvement opportunity before others. This could possible open up a new customer market that was previously unavailable. Factual Approach to Decision Making Decisions should be made based on analysis of sound data and intensively researched information. This removes poor decision making from an organisation and sets a baseline for decision making in the future. This can also help the ability to demonstrate how effective past decisions were by checking factual data. The factual data can help access the outcome of the decision and help removes decision making based on intuition alone. Mutually Beneficial Supplier relationship A relationship based on mutual benefits is very healthy and ensures that both parties have each other interests in focus. This will help create value for both companies if some parameters are set correctly. Open communication must be maintained and key objectives and future plans must be known to both parties. If both parties can pool their resources and both have a strong view towards customer satisfaction then waste of resources can be minimised and activities can be improved on both sides. Implementing TQM: TQM is a complex management system that will require a lot of input from all people involved in the company. However, the most important initiating step is to get full commitment from the companys senior management. Without this a proper plan cannot be devised and TQM will not work. A quality team or quality council must be set up among senior managers. Here ideas can be exchanged and improvements to specific parts of the company devised. Here it will also be decided who is to implement certain changes and a system of quality reporting must also be set up. There should be a quality improvement team and also a quality planning team set up. These teams should contain people who represent all areas of the organisation and have a high standard of knowledge of their individual departments. It is essential that the individual department are not run separately, but rather as one large system to ensure full communication remains and key objectives can be achieved faster. Once senior management have become involved the next step is to make middle management aware of the transition. This will involve meeting between middle management and the personnel who report to them. Here all staff will be educated about the forthcoming move to TQM and a series of plans will be set in motion. Here the staff should constantly retrain and each department should develop new experts to keep a focus on continual improvement. A mission statement of the organisations quality policy is a great way to start. From here a series of plans and a systematic approach can be developed to convert the companys operations to one of total quality. This change is very serious and without full commitment and proper planning can fail easily. The first thing a company must do is assess their current state. Here a management audit is a valuable tool and can easily identify the companys health. If the company is in poor health (quality standards low, reactive decisions, and poor managerial skill) then TQM will be near impossible to implement. However, if a company can agree that its current level of management, organisational culture and work ethos are suitable to TQM, then the process can develop from here. Benefits of TQM: Once an organisation has been converted to a system of total quality management, the organisation may be able for ISO 9000 accreditation. This is an internationally recognized standard of quality that has a major impact on how your organisation itself and the process that are undertaken are viewed by the public/possible customers. Having this accreditation will also greatly benefit the organisation from a financial point of view. Getting insurance for large companies can a massive financial burden and being ISO 9000 approved means you are more likely to be insured. This will help protect the organisation from possible liable action. The main benefits internally are a new streamlined system for operations. Increased workmanship due to work ownership/accountability and this leads to constant quality. Increased readiness for the future market and a removal from a reactive decision making process and overall improved stability within the market and increased staying power. Disadvantages of TQM: A main concern of implementing total quality management is the initial set up cost. Here employees will have to attend training that will take away from their usual duties and cause a dip in productivity. Due to all the changes implementing TQM will cause, there is a school of thought that thinks employees will doubt the security of their positions. This may lead them to becoming resistant to change and as a result, slow down the implementation stages and the efficacy of TQM. The results which are desired from TQMs implementation may also take years to see, this can lead the employees feeling that their input was of little use and the project was a waste of time. TQM can also tie a business to a certain set of plans that may span years. This can lead the company down an inflexible route when it comes to future prospect and developments. Instead of the company continually focusing on the goals TQM was supposed to tackle, the main focus in put on finishing the implementation stage. As a result, the company ends up with a major organisation change but the highlighted problems still exist and more time will have to be delegated to solving these at a later time. This again all leads to a drop in current productivity and the business retains its previous efficacy with no notable improvements being recognisable.

China :: essays research papers

During its brief time under British rule, Hong Kong has witnessed war, the rise and fall of empires, and has played a role in intrigues, big deals and diplomacy of global proportions. After 156 years of British rule, Hong Kong is again ruled by China. The change took place at midnight on June 30, 1997. Hong Kong is made up of a peninsula on the mainland of China and more than 230 islands. The main island is called Hong Kong Island and lies south of the peninsula. Hong Kong Island became a British colony when it was ceded from China in 1842 under the Treaty of Nanking. The British used the ports on Hong Kong to export tea, silk, and porcelain to England. The Chinese Emperor did not like the British. He called them guailo, which means foreign devil, and attempted to keep the British separate from the Chinese. During this period, China accepted only silver bullion as payment for goods. At the start of the 19th century, the British realized that they could purchase silks and teas in exchange for opium. China outlawed the drug, but many people were already addicted, which caused the economy of China to suffer. The Opium Wars began when China publicly destroyed a British ship that carried chests of opium. In January 1841, the British navy claimed Hong Kong Island. The Opium Wars finally ended in 1898, when Britain executed a 99-year lease of the New Territories. Kowloon Peninsula was acquired by the convention of Peking (now called Beijing) in 1860. China has guaranteed to permit the existing capitalist economy and lifestyle to exist for 50 years. Hong Kong will retain a high degree of autonomy except for defense and foreign affairs. Regaining control of Hong Kong serves two purposes. First, it will erase what the Chinese have viewed as a period of disgrace. The Chinese have always considered the Treaty of Nanking, which passed control of Hong Kong over to Britain as unfair. Second, they felt it would greatly benefit China's economy. A communist government rules China. The British, however, have ruled Hong Kong as a democracy. Many people are wondering how the differences between these two forms of government will affect the people and economy of Hong Kong. Even though Hong Kong is a part of China, it is a special region. For a time, at least, the people of Hong Kong have rights that people throughout the rest of China do not have.

Witchcraft in the Ibibio Tribe Essay -- Religion

Witchcraft has become a phenomenon in the last few years, launching TV shows and movies onto the screens of televisions and cinemas. It has become an inspirational topic for writers to launch their next book. But, as entertaining as witchcraft maybe to us, it is feared by the Ibibio tribe of Nigeria. This paper will focus on how the Ibibio tribe detected, prevented witchcraft and the massive anti-witch hunt that took place all around Africa. Also, this paper will analyze presumptive causes that could have led to a witchcraft outbreak in the Ibibio. Nigeria has had its share of outbreaks but, out of all of them the most unique must have been the witchcraft outbreak that plagued all of Nigeria and the rest of Africa. The Ibibio tribe of Nigeria in the seventeenth century, where about two million people that were mostly â€Å"agrarians† or â€Å"petty traders†, according to Daniel Offiong, researcher and author of â€Å"Social Relations and Witchcraft Beliefs Among the Ibibio† and â€Å"Witchcraft Among the Ibibio of Nigeria†. The tribe was mainly Christian with a few Muslims (Offiong, 1983, pg. 73). They believed in one god and the Holy Ghost, but when they had to deal with an affliction, they went to diviners or spiritualists for treatment (Offiong, 1983, pg. 73-74). When they were plagued with a problem, their main reaction was to blame the problem on witchcraft with no logical explanation behind it. The existence of witchcraft started in Nigeria, due to the continuous process of blaming witchcraft f or unexplainable problems. Once witchcraft became the cause of the unexplained problem, people started accusing each other of being witches. Research conducted by Daniel A. Offiong, suggests that the people who were more prone to be accused of witchcr... ... used and the anti-witchcraft crusade that took place. It also went into the social elements that may have played a part in the outbreak of witchcraft in this tribe. Works Cited Shaman. (2011, 1 11). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Marwick, M. G. (1952). The Social Context of Cewa Witch Beliefs. Cambridge University Press, 120-135. Offiong, D. (1983). Social Relations and Witch Beliefs among the Ibibio. Cambridge University Press, 73-82. Offiong, D. A. (1983). Witchcraft Among the Ibibio of Nigeria. African Studies Association, 107-124. Offiong, D. A. (1999). Traditional Healers in the Nigerian Health Care System and the Debate Over Integrating Traditional and Scientific Medicine. Anthropological Quarterly, 118-130. William A. Haviland, H. E. (2008). Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challege. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Disparity and Discrimination Essay

Many different situations occur within the criminal justice system. The situations that will be discussed in this essay are Pseudospeciation, bigotry vs. racism, hegemony, social construction, and disparity vs. discrimination. There will be definition on these terms. After defining the all terms, I will apply these terms to the criminal justice system using examples to illustrate the understanding of the definitions. Pseudospeciation Pseudospeciation begins with the fact that cultural differences cause humans to separate into different social groups, with different language, dress, customs, ect. Erik Erikson was known as the first person to use this term in 1966 explaining the inhumanity of human groups and human subgroups. For example: People with different religions believed their religion was true and others group’s religions were untrue. The criminal justice system law enforcement officers would have to respect a person religion, the way they dress, their custom, and language. There were necessary accommodations which had to be made by law enforcement officers, by separating the different religion groups so a person would not get harm by another person of a different religion group. Bigotry vs. Racism Bigotry is defined as the state of mind of a bigot. According to Merriam Webster bigotry is a person obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinion and prejudices, especially one who regards or treats the member of a group with hatred and intolerance. For example: a person of another race might lock their doors when driving through a neighborhood populated by people of another race. Racism is defined as action, attitude, practices, or beliefs that reflect or support the racial worldview. Racism is a term which is used negatively and is usually associated with race based. The belief of racism is that people are divided into distinct hereditary groups that are innately different in their behavior and abilities. An example of a racism act could be when a young black man is stopped many times while he was driving his car, when he has done nothing wrong. They look inside his car and ask him for license and registration. â€Å"The police stop blacks and Latinos at rates that are much higher than whites. In New York City, where people of color make up about half of the population, 80% of the NYPD stops were of blacks and Latinos. When whites were stopped, only 8% were frisked. When blacks and Latinos are stopped 85% were frisked according to information provided by the NYPD. The same is true most other places as well. In a California study, the ACLU found blacks are three times more likely to be stopped than whites† (Quigley, 2012, Fourteen Examples of Racism in Criminal Justice System). Hegemony Felluga, (2011) â€Å"Hegemony is the processes by which dominant culture maintains its dominant position† (Hegemony). For example, a leader who was able to have control over a group of people might be referred to as hegemony. To keep the populations as a whole form rebelling against leadership hegemony has to have the support from at least one dominate class of people. Disparity vs. Discrimination Disparity in the criminal justice system refers to inequity of arrest and sentencing for certain groups of people. Most of the time it is refers to racial and ethnic disparity while discrimination can be defined as a prejudice. There is a difference in disparity however; the difference does not mean discrimination. For example, A person is arrested for burglary because of the person past crime history, and because this person was close to the scene of the crime. â€Å"To determine if discrimination exists in the criminal justice system or if the differences are a result of disparity one must fully understand the key differences between discrimination and† (Williams, 2009, Justice for All). In the criminal justice system, both discrimination and disparity exists.

Recruitment and Human Resources Management

Recruitment According to Edwin B. Flippo, â€Å"recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation†. Recruitment is the activity that links the employers and the job seekers. In other words, it is a process of finding and attracting capable applicants for employment. The process begins when new recruits are sought and ends when their applications are submitted. The result is a pool of applications from which new employees are selected. Flippo Edwin B. (1984) Recruitment ProcedureIn today’s scenario, the recruitment procedure varies depending upon the nature of the requirement. These procedures require the placement of the right talent at the right place, thereby making the association mutually beneficial for the employer and the employee. There are usually two types of recruitment processes. Recruitment Processes: External and Internal Internal recruitment – The term internal recruitmen t is defined as the practice of choosing amongst current company workers to fill a position that falls vacant over time.This may include a change in profile on the part of the employee. Internal recruitment is more economical and less time consuming for the company. External recruitment – In contrast, external recruitment has to do with external candidates applying for an available position. Once the staffing requirements are determined, an organization has to ensure that there are appropriate recruitment systems in place to attract and select candidates of the right caliber. This requires identifying and focusing on each of the critical stages of the recruitment process.Naturally, the resources spent for the overall selection process are more. The Human Resources Department (HRD) team plays a significant role in the recruitment process steps of every organization. Whenever a vacancy arises in an organization, it is the responsibility of the HRD to place the information in th e public domain through the various media, such as newspapers and various job sites. However, it is of utmost importance that the advertisement designed clearly defines the designation, job profile and the concomitant skill set required.Filtration and Selection of Relevant Resumes As the organization will float the advertisement for the Vacancy, the jobseekers will start applying for the position. After receiving an adequate number of responses from job seekers, the scrutiny process of the resumes begins. This step play an essential role in the recruitment selection process, because selecting the correct resumes that match the job profile, is very critical. Generally, it is done by a competent person who understands all the responsibilities associated with the designation in its entirely.Candidates with the given skill set are then chosen and further called for interview. Preliminary Selection Techniques Now a days, Online employment screening is a technique employed by certain empl oyers. This technique saves a lot of time and money for the employer. It is an efficient method to assess the skills and knowledge of the candidate with regards to the required skill set. Assessment center technique is another method that includes lots of exercises on problem solving, presentation, aptitudes test and many more.In this process, employers usually check the different skills of a person. After a candidate has cleared these tests, there is usually a formal round of interview with the HRD, where the discussion that includes salary expectations and subsequent negotiations takes place. Recruitment Interview Job interviews play an important role in the entire recruitment process. It is very important to put the candidate at ease, so as to eliminate initial nervousness and to break the ice. It is better to start with general questions to the candidate, so that he feels relaxed.Queries should be job related, objective and understandable to the candidate. In this step only cand idate demonstrates and assures the panel of his suitability for the post. The recruitment process of an organization ends by finalizing the candidate followed by other joining procedures and formalities. Suvamita Ghosh (2009/2010 Advantages and disadvantages of external and internal recruitment: Advantages of internal recruitment are more than just cutting on advertisement costs because it offers wonderful opportunities for the current staff to further their careers.Internal recruitment could also be a great way of keeping workers who may have been considering a flight from the company, this is advantageous because the cost of training are at most best insignificant and to the worst much less than it would cost if the organization advertised outside. It's definitely faster and less costly than outside recruitment and it has the added merits because current employees are a familiar entity. Some organizations conduct external recruitment only to discover later that they have a member of staff who doesn't fit into the general environ and the mission and vision statement of the organization.The disadvantage of internal recruitment is that the size of prospective applicants is considerably reduced. There is no doubt that outside recruitment provides the organization with a broader skill pool and wider experience than could be the case with internal recruitment. A staff member who responds to the internal advertised position and gets the job might discover that their workmates resent that promotion and that could prove very challenging for them in their newfound positions.If a company does its recruitment internally, It most probably faces the possibility of having another empty position to fill, and of how to do that. Organizations that heavily rely on inside recruitment might eventually find that they have to advertise outside the organization, the cost notwithstanding. Current staff may fill to be the best candidates for the position regardless of whether they ha ve the necessary expertise and expertise required for the job. Abhishek Agarwal (2008) External recruitment A PREFERENCE! Reasons To advantages. It helps you cquire competitive intelligence about other firms. New hires can help you identify other potential candidates to â€Å"poach† from their firm. The new ideas that applicants and new hires bring in stimulate the thinking of others. It keeps our employees on the edge because they know they must compete against outsiders for jobs. Outside hires don’t have political alliances already set up. This can help them implement new ideas without the â€Å"baggage† of past political battles. Some argue that hiring â€Å"already trained† people is cheaper than developing and promoting internal talent..The outside recruiting and advertising for outside hires may tangentially help build your brand, send a message that you are growing and also help boost sales. In most cases external hiring adds more to the diversity of the workforce than internal hiring. If the firm is going global, it will undoubtedly line that external â€Å"local† hires are superior and performance to internal promotions. On the contrary, there are many disadvantages of external recruitment like, Outside hires can weaken the corporate culture by bringing in counter culture people. External hires often have a longer â€Å"adjustment period† and orientation costs are higher.Customers may feel slighted if they don’t get one of the Firm’s current employees Firms with strategic alliances may anger their partners by â€Å"poaching† their talent. Hiring talent away from customers and suppliers may harm your business relationships. Legal issues can occur when hiring intact teams, top technical talent with non-compete agreements. In a competitive market you can’t hire quality talent without a strong recruiting function. Learning internet recruiting and setting up web pages may be prohibitivel y expensive or time consuming. Dr. John Sullivan (1999)In order to illustrate the recruitment and selection process, we can take an example of hiring General Manager-Operations for an organization ventured into manufacturing of Electrical Products. The recruitment procedure starts from identifying Job requirements as soon as the recruitment need is finalized. HR Department will draft the job description, job requirements and proposed compensation; develop a budget and timeline for the search process; and then submit these proposals for approval by the full board. The budget should include advertising and candidate other hiring expenses.Then the committee places ads, screens responses, checks references, develops interview questions, selects candidates to be interviewed, makes travel arrangements for out-of town candidates and conducts interviews. The next step is to shortlist the candidates in order to hire the best for the position vacant. Final round of interview can be arranged w ith the senior management along with the hiring recommendations. The final results should be notified immediately in order to complete the recruitment procedure with issuing Letter of Intent/Appointment Letter and other joining formalities.Conclusion Recruitment is essential to effective Human Resources Management. It is the heart of the whole HR systems in the organization. The effectiveness of many other HR activities, such as selection and training depends largely on the quality of new employees attracted through the recruitment the recruitment process. Policies should always be reviewed as these are affected by the changing environment. Management should get specific training on the process of recruitment to increase their awareness on the dangers of wrong placements.HR practitioners should be on the guard against all the malpractices and advocate for professional approach through out the system. The HR should indicate disagreement in the event that biasing toward certain candid ates is creeping in and point out the repercussions that may follow in terms of performance and motivation. It is the author’s conviction that, the recruitment process should be seen in the context of ongoing staff planning that is linked to the strategic and financial planning of the organization.Nyamupachari Vareta, Recruitment Process: The heart of Human Resources Management Referencing: Flippo E. B. (1984), Principles of Personnel Management (McGraw-Hill International Editions: Management Series) (Internet) Available at. Suvamita G. ,(2010), Recruitment Process Steps, (Internet) Available at . Abhishek A. , (2008), Business: Careers Employment (Internet) Available at . Dr. John S. (1999), The advantages and disadvantages of â€Å"External first’ Hiring Process, (Internet) Available at< http://www. ere. net/1999/09/17/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-external-first-hiring-preferences/>. Nyamupachari V. , RECRUITMENT PROCESS: THE ‘HEART’ OF HUM AN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, (Internet), Avalable at: .

Morality and Immorality: Actions vs Results Essay

Both Martin Luther King Jr. and Niccolo’ Machiavelli had their own perspectives on what was moral and immoral. King and Machiavelli view what was morality right and how they would use this judgment in government and how it affected people in everyday life. King fought a moral fight against what was described as immoral laws to oppress blacks during an era of segregation in the United States. He believes that sometime it is moral to take action against immoral laws to get the results he and others that fought alongside him desired. Machiavelli as a Ruler, during a time when his country was unstable and constant political in-fighting, believed it was better to be feared than loved, and he took the immoral action of oppression to gain respect morally from his followers as a result. Machiavelli was a believer of the art of war to gain power, while King believed power was achieved in non-violence. In â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, King came to Birmingham for what he believed to be crimes against a race of people as injustice. â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere† (482). Practicing what he preached, King nonviolent action still landed him in jail. King’s nonviolent campaigns consist of four basic steps to accomplish sometime unachievable goals. â€Å"Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue† (483). Protesting and marches was organized because the people that were subject to unjust laws knew that taking their fight before a judge in a court room did not stand a chance. These were the very people that want to keep blacks oppressed. â€Å"We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed† (484). King had specific actions for desired results against immoral unjust laws, but fought back morally by obeying lawful constitution rights. My findings from â€Å"The Prince†, Machiavelli can be described as cunning, evil, and violent. Heavily influenced by pre-Christian political hilosophy, Machiavelli believes violence could gain him respect through fear and intimidation which a leader need to have what he called virtue and prudence. Machiavelli claims Moses killed his own people to enforce his will and would have not been unable to do so if he was not armed. â€Å"The chief foundations of all states, new as well as old or composite, are good laws and good arms; and as there cannot be good laws where the state is not well armed, it follows that where they are well armed they have good laws† (Machiavelli). Machiavelli was cleaver in that he understood the art of providing for his people to ensure they are protect and content, in returning he demand honor and respect from them. He believe, â€Å"A wise prince should follow similar methods and never remain idle in peaceful times, but industriously make good use of them, so that when fortune changes she may find him prepared to resist her blows, and to prevail in adversity† (523). Machiavelli actions to use violence as a power of persuading results to how one want to appear to be seen, â€Å"whether it be better to be loved more than feared, or feared more than loved† (526). Inaction can be just as dangerous as taking action, when the results are just as detrimental. Action in the moral sense will reveal results with promises of hope. King led by example, stressed nonviolence through his call for sit-ins and marches. He wanted to end segregation in public life and in job discrimination. Machiavelli dictated his ideas and how a leader should guide. He believe to protect yourself from an attack is to attack others. King and Machiavelli had different opinions on how to take action on issues. Their philosophy was similar but their thought process was different in that, King’s theory was to accomplish change through nonviolence and Machiavelli thoughts was to use deception and second guessing to his advantage. Although both men differ in practices their action was to establish security, love, and honor among men.

Friendship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Friendship - Essay Example This implies that in virtuous friendships, one must simply appreciate loving others rather than being loved, and always wish the best for others; in that case, Aristotle’s view of virtuous friendship is that it can only be found among a few people of high moral standing. It is evident that not many virtuous friendships exist in real life since it is human nature for people to want things in exchange for friendship, which explains why most friendships do not last even a fortnight. In many cases, friendships arise and survive on the products of the relationship rather than love; implying people are friends as long as the benefits of the relationship last and as soon as there is nothing to gain from friends, friendship is dissolved as quickly as it emerged. In that respect, it is true to say that love only exists in virtuous friendships that are based on the selfless love for others. Human beings are incapable of unity because they often pursue friendship not for the love of others, but for their own selfish gains, particularly because they are generally political creatures by nature. In that case, human friendships are plain and easily dissolvable as soon as there are no gains to be made in them, this is because an individual who only seeks their own personal gains at the expense of their so-called â€Å"friends† is not worth of the title of â€Å"friend†. A friend should be capable of sacrificing themselves for the sake of others, and to always want what is in the best interest of others too, rather than merely pursuing their ends. Unfortunately, this is a highly ambitious ideal, which is rarely achievable in normal circumstances considering the fact that the world is full of scheming individuals always preying on others for their own gains (Sivertsen, 2003). Aristotle acknowledges that indeed most relationships in life are based on love of utili ty and love of pleasure (Pangle 2002), and in that respect, most

Checkpoint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Checkpoint - Essay Example This implies that employees should behave in a way that in no way diminishes the ethical value and standards of the other person. Employees mustn’t use their official status for their personal purposes and must also avoid those activities that involve the risk of corruption or any other activity that may defame the organization. The employer must assess the whole situation in which he/she is obliged to identify or recognize the specific concerning issue as to whether there is any ethical impact upon the decision which he/she is supposed to take. The analysis of the situation demands the ethical decision make to clarify the exact issue, the main problem; the causes of the problem, the consequences, end results and outcomes of the actions and the parties and the stakeholders that may be affected because of ethical decision. This is a decision making step in which the decider has to determine his role and responsibility, evaluate all the relevant facts, figures and the information regarding the dilemma, assess the element of the risks involved in that particular decision and the ultimate desired course of action to minimize and mitigate those risks, and eventually decide the best course of course of action to resolve the dilemma. In the verification step, the decider verifies the decision that he/she has taken by way of reviewing and monitoring the consequences of the action, and takes the corrective actions when he/she finds any deviation from the original decision. This step involves the communication and justification of the decision to the concerned stakeholders and clarifications of the points and reservations which are popped up by the stakeholders relevant to the case. The above mentioned each rule and principle is selected in order to avoid workplace conflicts and also to maintain the reputation of the company. There many instances where unethical, illogical and illegal behavior of

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

American history - Essay Example A good understanding of a country’s political culture can help determine the way its government is run, how governmental decisions are made, and more importantly how assets such as land are divided among citizens and put into use. In Native American societies, land was owned collectively by the tribe. An individual had the right to a particular parcel of land only as long as he could put it into proper use lest it went back to communal ownership. The issue of land ownership as a private property which could be bought or sold did not exist. It was until the European settlers brought with them the new ideas of fee simple land ownership, freehold tenure as well as property deeds. The private land ownership and the liberty to do whatever individual aspirations with one’s land were, and still are, essential to the founding values of the US. The agrarian and industrial revolutions led to the unprecedented population growth in the original states. Everyone was acutely aware of the great potential benefits that could be offered by lands. It can be coined to the colonial experience in the issues of land ordinances, they had the knowledge on what it means if an individual would be mandated to work on a piece of land (Ronald 56). The definition of property boundary line would also provide a sense of security in the land ownership, by minimizing the likelihood of boundary disputes. Moreover, it would give the government a number of well-defined plots of land for future developments. This instigated Thomas Jefferson to design a system of surveying the lands that might avoid the pitfalls of earlier methods of determining boundaries. The earlier methods did not define the mechanism by which the land would become states, or how the territories would be governed or settled first before they become states (Brückner 191). Histor ically Public Land Survey as a method has been used to survey and spatially identify land parcels before description of ultimate ownership