Youth And Youth Subcultures Media Essay

Youth And Youth Subcultures Media EssayBrown (1998) bespeaks that the just hard-core truth thither is that we ar born, we grow older, and we fall. The categories that fall among when we are born then grow old and then die for example puerility, adolescence, pornographic and elderly are socially constructd. One of the up-to-the-minute categories fabricated is that of young person. Oxforddictionaires.com (2013) defines the term young as the period surrounded by childhood and adult geezerhood. However there is no standardised explanation of youth, as the term youth is subject to cultural, social and governmental changes. Therefore m whatever theorists argue that youth is a social construction (and will differ between cultures). Social construction is defined as something that is created by society, constructed from social meanings and definitions. In the 21st century we are consider to be in an bestride of information because we are exposed to numerous types of media su ch as TV, sound and printed types. Due to this its argued that the media has an influence on how we as a society intellection youth and youth cultures The purpose of this essay is to discuss to what extent the media influences views on youth and youth subcultures.It is argued that youth is socially constructed this is through the fact that there are numerous classifications of what a youth is, and when some oneness makes the transition into release childhood behind and becoming a youth. The only constant skylark is that it is supposedly the culture and society that tells the singular when they are no all-night a child and they are now a youth or an adult. For example within different countries there are different age definitions for a youth criminal. Inside England and Wales this is 10-17 years old (Crime disorder Act, 1998). As it is believed that from the age of 18 you are considered an adult within many cultures and societies about the world. This idea of 18 cosmos the age an individual constructs an adult is ground upon the idea that you female genital organ now legally vote, get married and put fling off in a contract to name some characteristics that seem prevalent around western society specifically within Europe and USA. So as stated the western culture and society has classified an individual becomes an adult at 18. However throughout different cultures the stages between childhood and adulthood generate constantly been changing, adapting and some could say becoming really blurred. Due to this childhood differs between different cultures so it is complicated to meet where childhood stops so that an individual mint become this sentiment of a youth.Nevertheless although an individuals culture plays a big part in the classification of youth the media is the biggest subscriber and influencer on societys definition and views of youth and youth subcultures. This is as the media are constantly bombarding the public with stories about youth s. These tend to acquaint the youths and the subcultures attached in a negative light. Even when the media is not portraying youths in a negative manner that are flooding the media with their definition of what it is and means to be a youth. With these ideas constantly being displayed they can create a discourse of what youth is. This therefore shows the power and influence the media can accommodate on societies views towards youth and youth subcultures.An opposite manor, in which the media intimately influences societys views on youth and youth subculture, is through the creation of good panics. Cohen (2002) identifies a moral panic as (a) condition, episode, person or group of persons that emerges to become defined as a threat tosocietal valuesand interests. A more standardised definition is that of Turner, Abercrombie and Hill (1988). They define a moral panic as an overreaction of the mass media,police and local community leading to delinquent offences which are in fact re latively trivial,both in terms ofthe nature of the offence and the numberof citizenry involved. A juvenile example of the influence the media can learn is that of the Hoodie subculture/moral-panic they created. A style of fix worn by young people but not express mail to, however when it was associated with deviant behaviour of people outside of the medias dictated see to it of how an individual should be it start to create a panic. It officially became a moral panic after the media heard that this style of practise had been censor from shopping centres such as the Bluewater retail park in Kent (BBC News, 2005), and had created a deviance amplification spiral due to all the opinions being offered and being many media outlets main story. This shows the influence the media has on societal views of youth and youth subcultures as the media created a panic over a style of dress that has been worn for decades by monks and featured in hip-hop music videos without shoot for panic or to negative portray individuals who are not playacting within societys norms.Nevertheless all though the media is a main contributor and influencer to subjects about or on youth and youth cultures it still fails to create one universal definition or view of the phenomena identified as youth. This could be because as Buckingham (2000) says over the last few decades the distinctions between children and other categories -youth or adults have become difficult to sustain.The media contributes to the socialisation of people across a broad range of areas (Hutson et al, 1992). Media, along with the other agents of socialisation render to create an image in which to mould children into. However youth cultures are created out of rebellion to this mould and from just not fitting the societies qualify norms of how an individual should be. Therefore, individual differences slightly minimises the amount of grip the media has on influencing society. This is as an individual has the power an d right to classify and define themselves in any way they see fit. Therefore even if the media tells society to define a youth as someone aged 13-25, the individual does not have to accept and refer to themselves as that classification.In conclusion it is a cognize/generalised theory amongst societies that individuals are influenced by what they see. The media is the main source of what people see, therefore the media influences societal views considerably. Whether it is on the topic of youth and youth cultures to what political party an individual should support. This can be said to be down to the idea the technology and the media are creating a New Age in which we are now all living in. However the media is just one factor in which can influence societal views, culture and priming coat can also play its part by being a strong influence on an individual so that individuals dont only have the media as a source to refer to. Also individual differences can also be an influencer, alt hough this is not as big a contributor as the media or culture and background. Individual differences show society that you dont have to fit the mould that is constantly being shown to the world about youths and youth culture. Nevertheless it is the media that is the main influencer by far as it is the main manner of spreading a message to society in all forms.

Marketing Strategy of Mercedes and BMW

Marketing Strategy of Mercedes and BMWWhat is selling? Who re wholey knows? In our era, most of the people imbibe in their mind a diametrical meaning of the grocery. For me, merchandising is a mean which pulls the strings of our economy. The language of trade has been borrowed from the military. We talk much than or less defensive securities industry, offensive marketing, and guerrilla marketing. Often overlooked, however, is flanking, sensation of the most powerful military strategies.As for the official meaning of the word, marketing isMarketing is the process by which companies create guest interest in goods or services. It generates the system that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developmentsMarketing is delimitate by the Ameri female genitalia Marketing Association (AMA) as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exever-changing offerings that have value for guests, clients, partners, and society at large.The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements pro clotheably. possibly there argon thousands different meanings of marketing but in the leftover they ar all agreed that it was created to help the market and the consumers to fulfill their needs.BMW VERSUS MERCEDES-BENZThis assignment is to analyze and compare the marketing strategies of BMW and Mercedes-Benz. Both companies are renowned market leaders in supplying motor machines. The pair has a tale of providing ripe railway cars for the past century. Over the years with the improvement of technology BMW and Mercedes-Benz have met customer needs by producing the most inspiring and well(p) developed cars of their sequences. The BMW class concentrates on selected premium segments in the automobile market. This means that they specialize in providing a high quality product and in retur n they place achieve higher revenues per vehicle sold. In contrast Mercedes-Benz which also turn in to the premium segment of the market have concreted their name in history as manufacturers of highlife cars, have opened their doors to a identify of much(prenominal) dynamic models targeting the slightly younger market. Mercedess most powerful competitor has bully been BMW. The two companies marketing strategies seemed to mirror virtuoso another in the 1990s. so in 1996, Mercedes signed a deal to promote its vehicles in universal Pictures The Lost domain of a function, but it was several years behind BMW, which in 1995 make an agreement to own its vehicles in the James Bond film Goldeneye. more(prenominal) important was an overall shift by both companies in retort to the rise of Japanese highlife vehicles such as Lexus and the Acura Legend. Farrell reported in Brandweek, With repricing and repositioning-advertising messages emphasize more value instead of luxury-German ys two luxury leaders, Mercedes and BMW, are on the offensive Both have rebounded with a reversal of marketing strategies that allow in refreshful, baseer- hurtd products and even ads that tout price. Nonetheless, of the two manufacturers, Mercedes has made the more forceful changes.THE HISTORY OF BMWBayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW), or Bavarian Motor Works, is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing come with founded in 1913 with the formation of the Rapp-Motorenwerke bon ton by Karl Rapp. The firm were engaged in the return of aircraft engines from a former motorcycle grinder located near Munich. It was close to this plant that Gustav Otto established the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke AG aircraft factory and in 1922 these two organisations merged to form BMW. The letters stall for Bayerische Motoren Werke.In their early years BMW produced mainly aircraft engines, but also rough motorcycle engines. In fact the BMW badge is supposed to resemble a spinning ai rcraft propeller. It wasnt until 1928 when BMW bought a car factory at Eisenach/Thuringia that BMW began producing cars. Along with the factory they bought the license to produce a small car called the Dixi. It was in 1936 that BMW introduced the typesetters case 328 two-seater which quickly became the most productive sports car of the time. The type 328 roadster accumulated a number of prestigious wins on the racing circumference and was nominated as car of the century in 1999.BMWs involvement in aircraft engine exertion during WWII led to a 3 year prohibition era on production at the end of the struggle. It wasnt until 1949 that they were able to return to production which they did with the 250cc R24 motorcycle.It was in 1951 that BMW introduced a spacious, 6-cylinder sedan called the 501. This was followed by the 502 which featured a whippersnapper alloy V8 engine. Later in the 1950s they began producing the BMW 507, a lightweight, V8 propelled sports car. This was the ve hicle they hoped would strike the sporting success theyd achieved with the 328 roadster. But this wasnt to be. They were losing money on every 507 that was produced and so production stopped in 1960.Also during the 1950s BMW bought the design and manufacturing rights to the Isetta which was to plow one of the most successful microcars in the post WWII years. It was a time when cheap, light distance transportation was much needed and the 2-seater, with an economical 250cc engine, fit the requirements nicely. Manufacturing rights for the Isetta were sold to various production companies around the world and these include the British Railways works in Brighton, UK.The 1960s truism BMW enjoying a number of guiding light successes including the BMW 1500 which was a 1499cc, quaternion cylinder touring sedan introduced in 1961. This was the first of the upstart BMW sports sedans. They went on to produce a series of popular sedans including the famous BMW 2002. This was a 2-door sedan that had been based upon the 4-door 1600. The 2002 was to be the forerunner of the BMW 3 series and production of this successful model continued until 1976.By the 1970s BMW had cemented their reputation as an advanced(a) automobile manufacturing company. The 70s saw the introduction of the 3-tier sports sedan range consisting of the 3-series, 5-series and the 7-series. betwixt 1970 and 1993 BMW car production quadrupled and turnover increased by 1700%.The 1990s, afterwards 1994, saw BMW take ownership of the British Rover Group. This was not a successful venture and in 2000 BMW disposed of Rover.Todays beemers have retained their highly prestigious reputation for quality and reliability. The company are taking steps to contract the impact they and their motor cars have upon the environment so we can acquit to see more innovative and exciting developments from the motor car company who have not only survived two world wars and a enormous depression, but thrived.TARGET MARKET OF BMWBMW marketing targeted customers between the ages of 25 and 45 who were new to the luxury car market, nevertheless without alienating their current customer base. The customer base of BMW was 46-year-old male, married with no children, and had a median income of slightly $150,000. More importantly, the meshing was used by 85% of customers before acquire a BMW (Hespos, 2002). Combining the ideas of producing a series of short films and using the Internet in an advertising campaign, short films for the Internet was born with BMW Films (Hespos, 2002).The luxury automobile maker that has established a mark for itself in the luxury car segment with its high performance cars. BMW is a powerful brand that is rattling experienced by car lovers all over the world as a symbol of performance, power and luxury, all combined into its power packed machines that are treat to watch, drive, and possess. Thats wherefore, it is truly cognize as the Ultimate effort Machine.BMWs tighter fe el and enhanced responsiveness gave drivers the sense they were in complete control, something no other brand of automobile offered. This handling advantage was greatly apprehended by sports car aficionados and car enthusiasts.MARKETING STRATEGY OF BMWBMW has many different strategies of marketing. One of these strategies is the support of its dealer network. This succeeds only through a range of actions.Dedicated Dealer Marketing Service which assists with all marketing requirements for illustration local anaesthetic advertising for product rangeSupport for local progressions depicted object promotionsHire of promotional equipment for dealer eventsImage library which stocks various images usable for dealers to use when creating their own marketing communications such as leaflets, invitations and go mail.Educational materialsMoreover, there is a Continuous Customer Contacts Program (CCCP) with the objective lens of increased customer loyalty and satisfaction.BMW also focuses on a great range of advertising. One thing that all BMW adverts have in roughhewn is that they focus entirely on the cars.On TV there are many branding campaigns and new car launches. Some TV muscae volitantes depict stereotypical corporate-cog executives who squelch creativity and initiative. Beware of the compromisers. They say things like, contain your battles, or Is this idea really worth falling on your brand name for? Later, the recurring message throughout the campaign comes in, At BMW, ideas are everything.radio receiver branding campaigns (2002 was the first year that BMW used radio for national advertising) also uses. It does not tend to be used at a national level, although may be used regionally.As for the press, Color press is listed, for use Tatler, Vogue, lifestyle magazines, motoring publications, broadsheet newspapers and tabloid newspaper weekend colour in supplements. Black white national press.In addition to higher compose national advertising, dealers al so run their own local campaigns throughLocal pressRadioBus advertisementsAt the cinema, screens usually show short films. Other ways of advertising includes supply of sales literature, brochures, direct marketing, price lists and point of sale materials. Finally, other methods BMW use to promote its brands and productsProduct arrangingBMW Art auto CollectionSponsorshipThese and many others are the marketing strategies of BMW in order to enhance its market share. As for Mercedes-Benz.THE HISTORY OF MERCEDES-BENZThe roots of Daimler-Benz went prat to the 1880s and founders Carl Benz and Gottfried Daimler, whose separate companies became one in 1926. Besides the two Germans, an important early figure was Austrian banker Emile Jellinek, who in 1897 became a Daimler board member. Jellinek offered a variety of useful marketing advice and suggested a car with an engine to the front, because that was where the sawbuck used to be. After outlining a type of racer that he treasured built , he promised to purchase 36 of them, a sizable order at a time when few people had even ridden in an automobile. In return he asked that Daimler name the car after his one-year-old daughter, Mercedes.The car, introduced in 1900, had a top speed of 30 miles per hour, which at that time made it one of the fastest vehicles on the road. But a Mercedes could go much, much faster, and hardly nine years later its manufacturers built a special Benz surefooted of reaching 141 miles per hour. In the economic upheaval that followed World War I, Daimlers and Benzs companies join forces as Daimler-Benz AG, founded in 1926. Its symbol was a three-pointed star, which reportedly symbolized air, land, and sea-arenas in which Daimler engines dominated.During World War II, Daimler-Benz became associated with the Nazi regime. Hitler had several models specially built for his use, and the company moody to producing airplane engines and military vehicles for the Third Reich. But it recovered quickly from the war and in the 1950s established itself as a manufacturer of luxury sedans in Europe and America.TARGET MARKET OF MERCEDES-BENZIn 1993, Rosemarie Totzauer reported in Brandweek, Mercedes is attempting to reinvent itself, to evolve from a company long defined simply by its gas-guzzling luxury sedans and sports cars. The reborn Mercedes will offer a broader, more complete line of vehicles for the rapidly changing, more complex, higher risk luxury segment Mercedes-Benz, therefore, has to gear itself for a metamorphosis into a company known for value and a diversity of vehicle concepts rather than for the prestige of the three-pointed star.These words, occasioned by the shift in mottos from the old Engineered Like No Other Car in the World. created by McCaffrey and McCall, to the new Sacrifice Nothing, gave a succinct instruction of the companys changed marketing policy, The target market had broadened, and so had the Mercedes lines. The latter now included the C class, wh ich replaced the 190 series as a product for the low end of the market the E class, a mid-size luxury car the S class, for the high-end luxury vehicles that had previously comprised the sum total of the companys product and the SL for sports cars.Although, as Fara Warner wrote in Brandweek in 1994, Mercedes is still considered an exclusive luxury car for white males, the company sought to broaden its appeal with value prices and new products. Greg Farrell, writing in the same publication a year later, offered a compelling lawsuit of the effect produced by the shift in target market mare Pestonit, a 28 year-old Miami computer consultant, didnt like her first three cars and after three performance cars, luxury struck her fancy. Mercedes may have drug-addicted her for life with its C280, costing about $34,000. My family had a Mercedes. But that was my parents car, she said. I cerebration I could never reach that.MARKETING STRATEGY OF MERCEDES-BENZMercedes Benz marketing strategy wa s once centered on the safe, luxury, and precision engineering of its cars, but out-of-pocket to increase competition in the luxury car industry and changing consumer attitudes about the Mercedes Benz brand that strategy has changed. Now their marketing strategy is more life style oriented and is focused more on presenting the more fun loving, approachable, and energetic side of Mercedes Benz. The evolution of Mercedes Benzs marketing strategy can be directly connected to the expansion of its target market, which now includes persons xx five to forty five years old as well as its initial targets the baby boomers. In order to provide spiffing customer value to its target market Mercedes Benz has found it necessary to fill out its product line up, provide more competitive prices, increase communications with its target market, maintain accessibility to consumers, and continue its excellent customer service.The marketing strategy of Mercedes-Benz is short of the same as BMW. More specifically, Mercedes spends a self-aggrandising amount for advertising campaigns.Mercedes-Benz launches an international advertising campaign on the antecedent of sustainability. The first printed advertisements using the new brand design will feature the E 300 BLUETEC to be launched in Germany in December 2007.Moreover, four different print ads will be placed in all large-circulation magazines in Germany, running in parallel with a TV mercenary and an online campaign. The sustainability campaign will then be extended in mid-2008 to include additional vehicles and developments related to Mercedes-Benz activities which are combined under the heading authorized Blue Solutions.In our marketing campaign on sustainability we promote innovative technologies for environmentally sound mobility such as the BLUETEC emission treatment system, which Mercedes-Benz offers to its customers as the worlds cleanest diesel, says Dr. Klaus Maier, Executive Vice President of Mercedes.Mercedes new marketing campaign stresses safety over luxury. This isnt surprising since the financial crisis has reversed consumer priorities. Its now frowned upon to brag about buying the most luxurious car. Instead the most popular make fun is the one who gets the most worth for as little money as possible spent on a new car.Mercedes-Benz is now allocating 50% of its UK marketing budget to digital media, according to its VP for brand communications, Anders Sundt Jensen.The dynamics of the UK market and the advanced consumer behavior in the UK meant the automotive brand was al piece allocating fractional of its budget to digital, well ahead of other European territories where the company was out-of-the-way(prenominal) from allocating even 40%.The key to the companys success online was the creation of specialist expertness within the company.We dont have normal marketers just doing online ads, or just move our TV ads online, Anders Sundt Jensen said. We have a whole department, for example, at our headquarters in Germany just doing digital marketing.Also, one of the marketing strategies of Mercedes-Benz followed is to start promoting some of its cars on IPhone and Facebook.Another marketing action than gave a step forward to Mercedes-Benz is the promotion of a series of green cars. Mercedes-Benz brings to the market hybrid cars that are environmental friendly.To sum up, the key that makes Mercedes-Benz a powerful competitor in the market is the belowDelightful customer careRetail network ready for the futureEfficient, integrated processes and systemsSales and Marketing MBCProduct Price gear up Promotion People ProcessesPerfectly positioned brand and effective marketing engrossing productsMotivated, qualified employeesEffective market penetrationCONCLUSIONUndoubtedly, BMW and Mercedes-Benz were, are and forever and a day be two whoppers. Their marketing strategies are about the same. Their advertising campaigns, the tv and radio spots, the costumers services etc. The difference between them and the reason why they are both special is their target market and their market position, what they essential their customers to remember about them.BMW focuses to young customers aged 25 to 45 and it promotes the slogan Ultimate driving machine. It appeals to those who want to have the sense they were in complete control.On the other hand, Mercedes-Benz is still considered an exclusive luxury car for white males, but now decides to broaden its appeal with value prices and new products. It appeals to those who love luxury and safe cars but not too expensive.

Theory Of Mcluhan In Communications Media Essay

Theory Of Mcluhan In communications Media EssayThis research exit discuss system of McLuhan in communications and media technologies. And in like manner leave behind talk about approximately of the important points referred to by McLuhan in theories such as Global Media and understanding media. Also, Marsh in all McLuhan was likewise working in the sixties but came up with a spic-and-span and novel thesis. Scholars whom we carry examined so far were all in nigh way concerned with media production and consumption and the effectuate of media on individuals, groups and societies and McLuhan was no contrary. But he took as his starting point, media technologies themselves and was concerned in how the applied science could prompt the media rivets that were transmitted. in that location have been many strong criticisms of McLuhans writings since the sixties so today, we examine his work in detail and impart also examine these criticisms.Introductionmarshal McLuhan he was Canadian philosopher specializing in different communication theories and of the nigh important theories was canvas media surmisal. And also had a hooking of practical applications in many industries such as advertising and TV. This philosopher predicted the sexual climax of the Internet 30 eld ago is invented. McLuhan is work to coining the ex recommendions the medium is the means and the global village, and for predicting the World Wide Web almost thirty long time before it was invented although he was a fixture in media discourse in the late 1960s, his influence began to wane in the early 1970s. In the years afterwards his death, he would continue to be a controversial depict in academic circles. With the arrival of the internet, however, there was renewed interest in his work and perspective.HypothesisHypothesis in this research are as follows The kind in the midst of Media technology and Media put across and also analyzes the criticism of the theory of marshall Mc Luhan Research question What did Marshal McLuhan save up about the descent between media technology and media message? Why was he so potently criticized?There are lots of answers which will discover from this essay for this relationship.methodological analysisMarshall McLuhan was also working in the 1960s but came up with a new and novel thesis. Scholars whom we have examined so far were all in some way concerned with media production and consumption and the effects of media on individuals, groups and societies and McLuhan was no different. But he took as his starting point, media technologies themselves and was interested in how the technology could affect the media messages that were transmitted. From lecture (theory of media technology communication)The relationship between Media technology and Media messageMedia message a theory that was interested in studying all aspects and also next to that care Marshall studied technical and relationship with Media message. Lot of people around the world assumes that the accepted meaning of the center refers to mass media such as the press, radio and TV. handed-down understanding most of people that letter explains the bailiwick and randomness. But this allows place it within results fault by people. Theory McLuhan says that the inwardness of the information in the middle or message should be ignored and considered unimportant. In most cases people will be convinced that the center is no womb-to-tomb the message is nonsense. Intended McLuhan here not every center in its meaning exit. Marshall also interested in the changes that occur in our lives, whether a new invention or idea in life. Marshall also interested in the changes that were taking place in variant aspects of life which have related to thinking of people such as communications and media tools.Marshall was tells us that the message you many different functions in the scope of worldly for our lives. Letter tells us that any discovery or invention is presented to the Humanitarian Affairs example message theater productions show up the change in universal attitudes through with(predicate) public opinion on the cloy and substance of the message of the play. Also news bulletin it is not news themselves but change in public attitude toward offensive or through the creation of attitude in the public, such as fear and terror. We note that this letter tell us the changes and effects of clear and unclear in the content. A global society in legal age of cases the problem by different media a device that connects to people through it. We can see the electrical changes and the different cultural of society via the media. drive the message content correctly easy for us to understand it.There are a strong relationship between the technical and the content of the message in the media. Technical patron to deliver the message content to the public in the community. Also help technical change peoples attitudes in many different aspe cts of the community. For Example advertising in the media such as television. Television displays many of advertisements for various things such as smart phones through advertising people will go to buy these phones that will help them in the process of connect and fast communicating. Of course, this depends on the content of the message in advertising if it was positive and convincing, and then the power to attract the public all this helps to attract the public to buy phones.Media as ExtensionsAlso McLuhan he was referred to a very important theory in the medium which that the content and the medium can do, such as humane feelings for example verbalizer helps to extend the ear for the widespread use of the medium will affect in a big way on the balance of the humanitarian feelings of the husbandry of a particular community. If the radio dominate sensations environment will be heard privilege to other humanitarian feelings of man in society. McLuhan said here is people should b e aware they are unaffectionate from media technologies.In the media sympathetic describes McLuhan that the content of the middle like a element of meat is carried by the thief in order to distract the fear of the Oversight Committee? This means that people tend dramatically to boil down on content is clear that provides a person with useful information but in this process will hide all the changes that will occur in the content for long periods of time. The values of society and the ship canal in which we need to work things change because of technology and its impact on the content in the media. Important point of this we must recognize the hearty consequences of the center. Whether cultural issues, religious and historical during the process of interaction the current conditions to the social effects.The global villageIn the sixties wrote McLuhan that visual culture will expires soon. Which cal lead electronic dependence and this means that the electronic media replaced by visual culture of oral culture. In this new era of human beings will die from the individual culture to the collective identity.Hot and Cool MediaMcLuhan Saied that different media have varying degrees of participation on the part of the person what will be consumed? Some media such as film and was hot that is, they focus on one meaning. In this case the person does not need to observe a lot of effort to fill in the details double movie. But McLuhan contradicts this with T in the cool and said the person call for more effort on his part to determine the meaning of the center in TV.Criticisms of McLuhanThere have been many strong criticisms of McLuhans writings since the 1960s until today. Firstly, it is important to note that McLuhan became rather famous in the 1960s and 70s after the publishing of Understanding Media. He was hailed in the universal US press as a new and important thinker and was interviewed in popular magazines. His key phrases such as the global village and t he medium is the message were frequently used (although not always understood). But within academia (particularly critical theory and cultural studies), his work was met largely with criticism (although some scholars did admire his creativity and originality).To conclusionIn this essay I write on the theory communication for McLuhan. I write about the relationship between Media message and media technology with mention some examples of the social context in the global community. Also in this search for Media and the relationship of this theory with ideas McLuhan. Also wrote in this search for strong criticism for McLuhan with stated reasons led to this criticism.Sultanate of OmanMinistry of Higher EducationColleges of Applied Sciences SurAssignment aboutMarshall McLuhanThe relationship between Media technology and Media messageName Khalifa Saied Salim AlbttashiID number 2008499106 put forward theories of media communicationWord count 2000

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory: A Qualitative Study

Eriksons Psycho fond Theory A qualitative StudyFrom the time of conception until death, valet de chambre undergo incessant swops. 1 would experience biologic, psychological and cognitive trades as ane progresses in manner. It leads to a change in the sort ane thinks and be catchs. Development is the systematic change that takes bulge out in an psyche over the by nature of behavior (Shaffer and Kipp 2009 2). The maturation of a human being is influenced by factors of nature and nurture. Based on these factors, sundry(a) psychologists save proposed theories pertaining to human readyment. Particularly, psychologists give birth been interested in how aces personality develops whether personality is inherent or whether it is shaped by unrivalleds experiences and environment.Among such(prenominal)(prenominal) psychologists was Erik Erikson who proposed the psychosocial possible action of schooling. Erikson was a follower of Freud and sure m each(prenominal) of the v iews that Freud introduced, that Erikson made modifications to Freuds ideas and introduced the possible action of psychosocial organic evolution (Erikson 1963, 1982 cited in Shaffer and Kipp 2009 44). Freud believed that the exemplifys of personality development was influenced by the maturation of finish up instinct, this theory was termed psycho trip outual development (cite needed). Psychosexual theory of development foc intents fundamentally on the unconscious mind. The id, ego and superego are the comp unmatchablents of personality and these three comp anents develop in accordance to the st historic periods of psychosexual development. There are 5 stages of psychosexual development the oral, anal, phallic, latency and finally the genital stage. The goal to which deviations are pertinacious in each of these stages influence onenesss personality posterior in life. Erikson modified this theory by emphasizing more(prenominal)(prenominal) on social and heathen influence s on development and personality, sooner than the influence of sex instinct and urges. The psychosocial theory of development constructs a series of 8 stages of psychosocial conflict that one would encounter at various stages of life. Each stage consists of a major crisis. The time at which each crisis emerges is dependent on factors of biological maturation and social demands that one would encounter during various phases of life. The expiration to which an exclusive resolves each conflict affects the psychological development and personality of the idiosyncratic (citation needed). proto(prenominal) life experiences, thitherfore, are assumed to have a signifi raftt feign on the way in which one would think astir(predicate) the creative activity, the way one would variant social kindreds and on what one would think close to oneself.To determine how Eriksons psychosocial theory of development whitethorn chair in explaining how interpersonal relationships, emotion and perso nality are shaped, discovericularly in individuals of the Sri Lankan context, a structured wonder was formulated and 2 individuals were queryed based on how he/she looks back on his/her life. The interview provides means of obtaining qualitative data around the players croaks with respect to the psychosocial development that has and is taking place. The sample for the interview consisted of a 25 social class old Sri Lankan male who was married and a 50 year old Sri Lankan female who was disunite, single and had 2 peasantren. The occupation of the participant A (the male participant) was mechanical engineering and participant B (the female participant) worked as a confidential secretary. in the beginning the interview was conducted, each participant was skeletoned on the purpose of the interview and the method in which the interview would take place, accordingly were asked if he/she would like to participate in the break down. Information regarding the expected time of t he interview and the nature of the questions that would be asked was also habituated to the participants prior to the interview so that the participant would be fully aware of what the forces of taking part in the study would be.The interview was a structured interview 38 open ended questions were devised and there was an average of 4 questions relating to each of the 8 stages of Eriksons theory of psychosocial development. After the participants agreed to participate in the study a face to face interview was conducted at each of the participants homes. Before the interview began the participants were briefed on confidentiality being maintained, their rights to non declaration questions that they wished not to answer and they were given the right to withdraw at any moment they wished. The participants be perform signed a consent form and the interview proceeded.Stage 1 Trust versus misgivingThe first-year stage of psychosocial development is believed to take place during infa ncy (0 1 year). At this stage the relationship amidst the sister and mother is of brilliance. In order to cultivate a healthy equilibrize between trust and mistrust the babe should not be overprotected and overindulged provided the infant should be supervised for and not unattended. If the infant is abused or neglected at this stage the infants basic trust will be destroyed and mistrust would be fostered. When one has mistrust one tends to expect that the world would bring more bad his/her way than heartfelt. unitary may keep an eye on it difficult to trust friends and loved ones, dismantle society. intuition may even cause an individual to be more avoidant of moving-picture show to risks because the individual feels that the world is dangerous and inconsistent. Contrastingly, if the infant is overprotected by the mother the infant may develop a false mind of trust. Insulation from any form of unexpectedness may amount to sensory distortion and the individual may b uzz off naive. Such individuals are generally optimistic. In the interview conducted, questions were asked to determine how trusting the participant was of the world. When asked about what the participant thinks the future holds, participant A dry landd that he was optimistic to a oceanled extent about the future and the responses that participant A provided revealed that he did not await to have worry in trusting other individuals. Participant A believed that the world is good even has its ugly when asked whether the participant thinks the world is a bad place. Using the psychosocial theory of development participant A issues to have a healthy labyrinthine sense between trust and mistrust. therefore it can be inferred that as an infant the participant obtained sufficient affection and care without being overprotected. Participant B, however, was pessimistic about the future, failed to see any good in the world and did not seem to trust other individuals with ease. apprehens ion seems to have fostered more in participant B and this may be as a result of neglect during infancy. However the degree to which this theory is effective can be of question. Participant Bs mistrust may not be a result of experience during infancy, sort of it may be an experience from later in life. The individual is divorced and the failed marriage may be a better explanation for why the individual is pessimistic and finds it difficult to trust others.Stage 2 autonomy versus shame and precariousnessBetween the age of 1 and 3, exerting independence becomes a key challenge for the child. The child begins to gain control over his/her ashes and is able to explore surroundings. If the child is ridiculed for his/her attempts at autonomy the child may become doubtful and ashamed of handling seats and problems on his/her own. Participant As responses to the questions based on autonomy took no extremes but rather fell on middle ground. The responses revealed that the participant made decisions independently and did not rely on others for matters that needed to be handled himself, however would seek admirer occasionally when in doubt. Participant B, however, til now relied on parents for assistance when making important decisions in life and would ask for assistance when facing difficulty or if doubtful about what to do. Therefore, it can be assumed that participant B is less autonomous than participant A. However in the Sri Lankan gloss it is not ballpark to find adults lifelessness seeking his/her parents for advice. Families in Sri Lankan kitchen-gardening are closely knit. tied(p) as children grow into adults, the relationship with parents delay strong and it is quite common to find that elderly parents continue to live with their adult children and grandchildren. This closeness and confidence could be the causa why individuals still ask parents for advice even as an adult, not because of autonomy as a toddler. In this sense Eriksons theory may be e thnocentric and not quite applicable in Sri Lankan culture.Stage 3 chess opening versus guiltThis stage takes place between the age of 3 and 6 eld. In addition to autonomy, the child now learns qualities of planning and undertaking tasks for the pursuit of being active. Guilt is a result of being reprimanded for adventure and experimentation. At this stage in a childs life Erikson highlights the importance of adventure and play no matter how puerile it may appear to the parent of supervisor. Preventing an individual from initiation at this stage may have an effect on the individuals confidence to initiate in later life and may instil fear that the individual is wrong or would be disapproved. However the child should still experience the consequence of mistakes and learn through trial and error so that the child does not function out to be irresponsible so that the childs conscience develops and so that he/she does not become boastful in nature.Stage 4 Industry versus inferiorit y From the age of 7 to 12, the childs cognitive capabilities increase drastically. The competence of the child develops and the child begins to lodge in in meaningful activity. Involvement in extracurricular activities in schooldays may help the child prepare to enter life and become industrious as an adult. Contrastingly if the child does not experience the rejoicing that achievement brings, experiences disap institutionalisement in school work and activities, or is denied the hazard to develop his/her unique potential and participate in school activities, in later life the individual may feel useless, unable to contribute or work in teams. Moreover, a certain amount of failure is important too so that the child has a sense of modesty. The balance between modesty and competence if important. One develops the virtue purpose if in(predicate) in this stage.Stage 5 Identity versus utilisation confusion Adolescence (age 12 to 18 years) is a major stage of development of an indivi dual. One becomes more and more independent, one begins to think of the future in monetary value of the career one wishes to occupy and the type of lifestyle one wishes to follow. In making such decisions one must learn the eccentrics that one will occupy as an adult. What should happen at the end of this stage, according to Bee, is a reintegrated sense of self, of what one wants to do or be, and of ones appropriate sex role (Bee 1992 cited in McLeod 2013). Individuals begin to explore possibilities and based on the result of such explorations, ones individualism is formed. Forcing an identity upon a jejuneness would cause diffusion in which the individual escapes any form of commitment or passion. The youth would become rebellious or unhappy. In weakness to form ones identity, one may experience foreclosure where the youth adopts an identity of convenience precipitately. The youth that is unable to form his/her own identity becomes unlogical about his/her role in society. I ndividuals would develop the virtue of fidelity if prospering in this stage. Although Eriksons theory describes the development of fidelity the theory does not explain how the development takes place. It is difficult to test the theory in this compass and it is not falsifiable. The relationship between exploration as a youth and development of identity is vague. Participant A in the interview had stern parents and was not allowed to explore and adventure as a teenager yet seems to have fidelity and a strong identity. This contradicts the psychosocial theory of development.Stage 6 Intimacy versus isolationIn young adulthood (18 to 40 years), one starts to share oneself and ones space more intimately with another(prenominal)(prenominal) individual. It starts with exploring a relationship with an individual other than a family member, which in turn could lead toward a long term commitment to that individual. Avoidance of engagement and commitment to a relationship could lead to iso lation or even depression. If an individual succeeds in this stage the individual develops the virtue of love. However in a country that has arranged marriages it is difficult to see how willing one is to share ones personal space with another. It could just be that the individual is forced to be in a committed relationship with another individual. The obligation to remain in the relationship would be endue without love. In this case determining the achieverfulness of an individual at this stage is difficult.Stage 7 Generativity versus stagnationThis stage occurs during middle adulthood (between 40 and 65 years). The individual starts to feel more involved in the world and a part of a bigger picture. Moreover, one would become more productive in cost of ones career or in terms of raising ones children. Some may even become involved in community activities and organizations that would benefit society. adversity in being generative in these ways would cause an individual to feel u nproductive and stagnant in society. This stage is important for the development of the virtue care.Stage 8 Integrity versus despairAs one steps into old age (65 years and over), one becomes unable to be as productive as one use to be. Therefore at this stage one starts to reflect on ones life in terms of how satisfied one is with how he/she lived life. Integrity develops as a result of one seeing oneself as successful in life. According to Erikson, if one is disappointed and feels one did not accomplish the life goals one had, the individual would develop despair.Whilst the psychosocial theory is an aid in capturing commutation development issues in the 8 stages, it is still difficult to use the theory as an explanation of as to how and why such development comes about and Erikson acknowledges this (Erikson 1964 cited in McLeod 2013). There is no explicit explanation for how the degree of development at one stage affects the degree of development at another stage. The psychosocial theory of development is claimed to be universal however it is difficult to pass in certain cultures. For the solution of c snarfs there is no universal apparatus that can be use. It may vary from culture to culture. Moreover, the psychosocial theory of development, standardised to the psychosexual theory of development, is not falsifiable and is difficult to test empirically. The lack of empiricism is one reason why developmentalists prefer other viewpoints of development, typically the learning viewpoint, rather than the psychoanalytical viewpoint.Despite the criticisms of the psychosocial theory of development, there is still support for Eriksons 8 stages of personality development (McAdams 2001). The emphasis on the fact that individuals undergo development actively rather than passively and that humans are not subject to irrational urges is a quality that Erikson introduced subsequently improving Freuds psychosexual theory (Erikson 1963 cited in Shaffer and Kipp 2009 44). M any find it easier to accept that humans are rational and there is interaction of two biology and social influences, with ego playing a greater role than id. The psychosocial theory indeed has provided understanding to the development that occurs through various stages of life. The violation that relationships with family, friends and peers has on development has been brought to light and this theory can be applied to the education setting, work setting and even help improve parenting methods. Therefore despite the limitations of the psychosocial theory, the contribution to the field of developmental psychology that Erikson has made, in terms of the psychosocial stages of development, is certainly valuable.List of ReferencesMcAdams, D. P. (2001) The psychological science of Life Stories. Review of General Psychology 5 (2), 100McLeod, S. (2013) Erik Erikson online available from www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html 19 March 2014Shaffer, D. R., and Kipp, K. (2009) Developmenta l Psychology childishness and Adolescence. 8th edn. Australia Cengage LearningTWas The Dopolavoro A Success?TWas The Dopolavoro A Success?To What fulfilment Was The Dopolavoro A Success?Plan Of InvestigationThis essay will crush the extent of the Dopolavoros success within Italian society between the years 1925 and 1939.The Dopolavoro was a unoccupied program under the organization opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND) and was created ab initio to help gain the support of the Italian working class afterwards the ban on bargain unions. In addition to controlling Italian dissatisfaction within the verbalise, the OND power saw these programs as a further area of contest with the Socialists, who had similar social organizations.Seeing that it tried to gain the support of employers, there was nothing characteristically fascistic about it. However, after Augusto Turatis rise to party secretary in 1927, the Dopolavoro became another supporting element of Mussolinis governance act ivity. Despite propaganda having a wide range presence, Italian society was not affected to the extent that the government wished, leading to the question, to what extent was the Dopolavoro a success?The two sources presented feeler the topic in a relatively different manner. John Whittams fascist Italy describes the course taken on this subject by a stringently subjective viewpoint and analyses the factual information. Martin Blinkhorn on the other hand, in Mussolini and fascist Italy, promotes a objective opinion on the Dopolavoro and the Italian state trance criticizing it for its manipulation and deceptive attitude.Conclusively, an evaluation of the extent to which this program was a success will be presented through the analysis of key factors.Summary Of demoMussolini was appointed Prime Minister in 1922The Dopolavoro was formed on the first of may in 1925.The Dopolavoro included adult leisure programs, facilities and welfare programs.This idea was introduced by an engine er Mario Giani.Edmondo Rossoni promoted Gianis schemes.It was ran by a government agency called opera house Nazionale Dopolavoro.It aimed at decreasing tension created after the ban on trade union-sponsored clubs.In the 1930s the Dopolavoro ranged from theater to bands and libraries.Initially, membership was limited to 300,000, in 1926 and grew to 4 million by 1939.The OND was the answer to Gianis plea for a national state sponsored plan.The OND took over causality socialist buildings and used them as its facilities.Turati was appointed attractor of the OND in 1927.The ONDs initial purpose was to deliver sweets on the hoidenish sector.Increased membership urged the OND to put more emphasis on unskilled activities. Sports activities and welfare programs were heavily funded and journeys to favorable locations were subsidized.In 1936, twenty per cent of urban workers joined, 7 per cent of rural members and 80 per cent of employees in state and underground sectors.Company employee s were granted better facilities and lounge areas.Class divisions were evident. The poorer classes were given the cheapest seats in addition to being separated from the higher classes. valuation Of Sourcesfascistic Italy by renowned historian John Whittam, is a epigrammatic introduction on the nature of Italian Fascism under Mussolini. This book was scripted to inform the reader of the Italian fascistic state in terms of politics, diplomacy and military developments, and in what ways the domestic sector was neglected. The planning of documents and recent research aided in analysing the origins of the movement and its political success. at heart its far-reaching analysis, Whittam emphasizes Mussolinis attempt for social control and party-state tension. The successes and failures of the fascist state, as well as the collapse of the regime are analysed objectively.Mussolini and fascistic Italy, also written by renowned historian Martin Blinkhorn, explains the importance of Mussolini , the movement and the regime which overlooked Italian society between 1922 and World War 2. Furthermore, he examines the fascist partys rise to power and the creation of Mussolinis dictatorship through reason and rational disceptations. Nevertheless, Blinkhorn portrays his argument by criticizing the fascist state for subjecting society totalitarianism and deception. Although he makes brief comments on certain aspects of the Dopolavoros success, his argument largely consist of its abysmal failures. Furthermore, the age of the book must be questioned. In contrast to Whittam who has exploited certain recent revelations, Blinkhorns resources rely on documents preceding 1980.AnalysisLike some(prenominal) other dictators, Mussolini too tried to tie his community closer with fascist beliefs and incorporate the masses to the fascist regime. An attempt was made to achieve this by introducing certain programs to the Italian people. These included adult leisure programs, facilities and we lfare programs. On May first 1925 the Dopolavoro was formed, ran by a government agency called the opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND). Initially, this idea of social engineering was introduced by Mario Giani, an engineer and a former manager of Westinghouse plant at Vado Ligure. Edmondo Rossoni, an Italian fascist politician, acknowledged Gianis schemes for common activities and arranged for them to be introduced to his rapidly growing syndicalist organization. The upholding of the relationship between employers was crucial, seeing that such a project required increased supporting as well as buildings and recreation grounds. Gianis plans seemed to be put in peril by suspicion placed on Rossoni on behalf of the employers. Giani saw the risk in going through with his schemes under the current situation so he requested a national, state-sponsored plan. The solution to this appeal was the Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro. The remains of the Socialist Partys establishments aided the emergence of the Dopolavoro with its chambers of labour, co-operatives and leagues many of them with vulgar aid societies, communal halls and facilities for social and sporting events. The squadristi, commonly known as The Blackshirts, destroyed many of these the fascists simply took over those which remained intact.Mussolini appointed Turati, the party secretary, as leader of the OND two years after its establishment, and proceeded to integrate it as a central aspect of the National Fascist Party. The party representative in the provinces was responsible for assembling a board to supervise the area, and all Dopolavoro activities, as well as those sponsored by the employers, would be managed by its members.Originally, the OND was meant to inform the workers of new techniques and developments in the industrial sector. However, as the organization grew, more efforts were put in enhancing sports activities, summer camps, subsidized journeys to the mountains and the sea, cheap rail fares and w elfare programs. It aimed at re-educating the Italian people as a whole, instead of brain washing them from an primordial age. It aimed at providing leisure/after-work activities within a fascist atmosphere. Also the Dopolavoro aimed at decreasing the workers irritation with the fascist ban on the trade union-sponsored clubs. compass the 1930s the Dopolavoro ranged from theater to bands and libraries. Initially, membership was estimated at 300,000 in 1926 and grew to almost quartette million by 1939. Reaching 1936, twenty per cent of urban workers took part, 7 per cent of rural members and 80 per cent of employees in state and private sectors. Many of the state and private employees were granted access to clubs, shops and athletic facilities provided by their respective company. What separated these benefits from the publicly used ones was the difference in their superiority. Even though organization was used to demolish barriers, class divisions were evident. During their excursio ns boarding railways or steamers, lower classes were separated from the higher ones and were given the poorest seats. Nevertheless, they saw no reason to complain, seeing that it was the first time for most of them to ever board a train or a boat, let alone go to the sea and the Alps.In order to clarify the extent of the Dopolavoros success, we must first cut the nature of its success. In this respect there are two criteria which have to be taken in mind. Social indoctrination of fascist ideology and frolic of mass awareness and attention. The ONDs initial cause was to provide after-hours leisure activities, so it should come as no surprise that they neglected transfer ideological indoctrination as priority. However, during the 1930s (with Starace as party secretary) the importance of the OND as an instrument of propaganda was understood. In the cordial environment of the OND clubs and excursions, the masses were exposed to the success, failures and problems of the party. This wa s peculiarly worrisome for the regime as they made great efforts to avoid overzealous reactions. All they wished for was for passive acceptance of the given situation. The OND distributed government issue radios. Although these were considered a luxury item (300,000 in 1932, over a million in 1938), collective listening was encouraged. This was a measure taken for regulating information. The regime issued these radios so as to censor most information and prevent any public aggravation. Due to its recent appearance, the radio was highly favored. Moreover, through the OND, millions of people were exposed to propaganda and entertainment plans. This was an advantageous step for both the government and the illiterate. The ONDs use of the radio as well as the cinema was very effective in distracting the masses. The Dopolavoro even purchased mobile projectors and sent them to remoter areas.Despite the Dopolavoros efforts to create a laid-back atmosphere so as to keep a sense of serenity among the people while in parallel integrating them in the fascist regime, it is argued that the members were not affected by fascist propaganda, hence failing to converge the goal set from 1927 onwards which included fascist indoctrination within the masses.ConclusionAmong the fruition of many institutions brought forth by the Italian government, the Dopolavoro (or OND) was without doubt the most popular. Evidence of its popularity lies in the fact that it survived even Mussolinis fall, at which point its name was altered to Ente Nazionale Assistenza Lavatori (National Organisation for Worker Assistance) in 1945. Throughout the course of its existence, the Dopolavoro proved to be invaluable in its efforts to divert attention from the partys social and economic issues by providing a widespread and diverse range of cultural and recreational activities. Moreover, it served as a buffer in response to societys discontent.Be this as it may, criticism is present in the fact that it facil itated the infiltration of government branches and aided the meeting of enemies of the regime without attracting attention of the police. The Dopolavoro attempted a more active approach in fascist indoctrination in the late 1930s, however due to the lack of radical thinking, it failed to meet the regimes wishes.As far as public unrest is concerned, the Dopolavoro was successful in toning it down by introducing various leisure activities aimed at decreasing social irritation. However, in its goal to infuse the fascist ideology within the Italian people, not only did it meet a miserable fail, it proved to be highly inefficient and showed a direct contrast to the regimes intentions.BibliographyBlinkhorn Martin, Mussolini and Fascist Italy, Routledge 1987De Grand J. Alexander, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Routledge 1995Kolinsky Martin, continuity and change in European society Germany, France and Italy since 1870, New York St Martins Press 1974, 58Marinetto Michael, Corporate Socia l Involvement Social, semipolitical and Environmental Issues in Britain and Italy, Ashgate issue 2005Townley Edward, Mussolini and Italy, Heinemann educational Publishers 2002Whittam, John, Fascist Italy, Manchester University Press 1995Whittock Martyn, Mussolini in Power, HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 1998Whittock Martyn, Mussolini in Power, HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 1998, 4Townley Edward, Mussolini and Italy, Heinemann Educational Publishers 2002, 91Townley Edward, Mussolini and Italy, Heinemann Educational Publishers 2002, 91Marinetto Michael, Corporate Social Involvement Social, Political and Environmental Issues in Britain and Italy, Ashgate Publishing 2005, 124Whittam, John, Fascist Italy, Manchester University Press 1995, 73Whittock Martyn, Mussolini in Power, HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 1998, 19-20Whittock Martyn, Mussolini in Power, HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 1998, 19-20Blinkhorn Martin, Mussolini and Fascist Italy, Routledge 1987, 36Whittam, John, Fascist Italy, Manches ter University Press 1995, 73Whittam, John, Fascist Italy, Manchester University Press 1995, 73Whittam, John, Fascist Italy, Manchester University Press 1995, 73De Grand J. Alexander, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Routledge 1995, 71Whittam, John, Fascist Italy, Manchester University Press 1995, 73Kolinsky Martin, Continuity and change in European society Germany, France and Italy since 1870, New York St Martins Press 1974, 58Whittam, John, Fascist Italy, Manchester University Press 1995, 73Whittam, John, Fascist Italy, Manchester University Press 1995, 73De Grand J. Alexander, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Routledge 1995, 71Whittam, John, Fascist Italy, Manchester University Press 1995, 73

Criminology Theories Strengths And Weaknesses

Criminology Theories Strengths And WeaknessesThe stainless aim of criminology was developed in the ordinal century, where Graeco-Roman thinking emerged in response to the cruel forms of revengement that reign at the time. It is considered that writers much(prenominal) as Montesquieu and Voltaire encouraged perhaps the emergence of this spick-and-span untarnished thinking, by becoming involved in campaigns for more learn approaches to be taken towards offensive activity and the penalisation recrudescen by the rightness systems at the time. Also the development of society craved new forms of wakeless regulation delinquent to the fact that there needed to be predictability in the system, as technology and properties in particular needed legal shelter and workers needed to be discip limitd in a consistent way. in that location were two of import contributors to this theory of criminology and they were Jeremy Bentham and Ces be de Beccaria. They be seen as the most au thoritative enlightenment thinkers in the area of classical thinking and are considered the inst every(prenominal)ation fathers of the classical aim of criminology. They both sought to reduce the harshness of eighteenth century judicial systems, even though coming from different philosophic stances.Benthams contribution to classical theory is based on the fact that he was a utilitarian, interested in the happiness and well world of the macrocosm and therefore believing that punishment, in the form of the infliction of pain, should always be justified in terms of a groovyer good. At the essence of Benthams writing was the imagination that human demeanour is directed at exploit pleasure and minimising pain, (the pleasure-pain principle).Bentham believed that horror was committed on the outset, by individuals who seek to introduce excitement, money, sex or anything of value to the individual.Beccaria (1764/1963 93) stated that It is better to prevent crimes than to punish t hem.This is at the heart of the classical domesticate of criminology. Beccaria believed that laws needed to be trust into inject in grade to make punishments consistent and in line with the crime. He believed that crime prevention in its effectiveness is down to ternion main ideas, these universe the certainty of the crime and how likely it is to happened, the celerity of the crime and how quickly the punishment is inflicted and overly the severity of the crime, and how much pain is inflicted. Beccaria archetype that the severity of the penalties given should be proportionate to the crime committed and no more than what is necessary in set out to deter the offender and early(a)s from committing get on crimes.Classical thinking says that immorals make a rational choice, and choose to do criminal acts due to maximum pleasure and minimum pain. The classical work says criminals are rational, they weigh up the costs and therefore we should create deterrents which passably o utweigh what would be gained from the crime. This is the reason behind the death penalty being viewed by classical thinkers such as Beccaria and Bentham as pointless, because there would be no deterrent. However when considering manslaughter, as Bentham withal believes, if the severity of the punishment should middling outweigh the crime then surely capital punishment should be used, there doesnt seem to be any stronger a deterrent to other criminals thinking of downstairstaking the same criminal behaviour, than seeing another eradicated due to their actions.Classical thinking has had a significant stir on criminological thinking in general and perhaps a greater impact on criminal justice practise.In Europe and America the idea of punishments being appropriate to the nature of the crime has become a infantry for modern criminal justice systems.Since the introduction of the classical school of criminology and classical thinking, the use of capital punishment, torture and corpora l punishment has declined. Neither Beccaria nor Bentham believed in the death penalty, apart from, Bentham argued, in the case of murder.The second half of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries also saw the establishment and growth of the prison, as a major system of punishment, the idea and concept of prison was to take punishment away from the body and instead punish the mind and soul, and these are the keys to ever-changing a persons outlook and views of their criminal behaviours.Many elements of classical ideas are actually useful in modern society and these show the strengths that the theory does expect. deterrence continues to underlie all judicial systems and indeed underpinned the principles of the first commissioners of Sir Robert Peel, in the design of the Metropolitan police. Prisons are also used as major deterrents and also to try and reduce rates of crime.However a great helplessness of the classical school of criminology is, the idea stemming from classical thin king that all criminals are rational is not generalisable to the whole population nor is it entirely valid, due to the fact that there may be biological factors stopping an individual from being able to think and behave rationally. Therefore it may not be the particular choice of the individual as they may have been innate(p) that way they may not have the ability to make a rational decision due to a mental illness such as schizophrenia. They may be disorientated or even drugged which affects the question functioning and therefore any behaviours, resulting in an individual becoming irrational. Also, if the great unwashed act due to principles of rationality and liberate will then wherefore is it that the poor are predominating in the criminal justice system, classical cerebration doesnt include factors of necessity in order to survive. As Jeffrey Reiman (1979) said the fatty get richer and the poor get prisonWhite and Haines (2004) said that the classical school of criminology has 3 main challenges to it. Firstly how to make such ideas coif the interests of justice and commensurateity when faced with a particular defendant in court. (Not all criminals appear to be acting rationally and of free will) second that for criminal justice bureaucracies such as the police, growing efficiency may not always be compatible with an emphasis on equal justice, as their gain is to decrease crime rates. Thirdly a actor issue, the rationalisation of the legal system potentially means some diminution in their power, which may backfire in terms of being a deterrent.In late 19th century the classical school came under criticism by a form of scientific criminology which emerged due to Darwins great works being published amid 1850 and 1870, this therefore had a key effect on scientific thought and individuals views of human behaviour.Classicism defines the main object of study as the offence. The nature of the offender was defined as being free-willed, rational, calcula ting and normal. The classical thinking response to the crime was to give punishment that is proportionate to the offence.The Positivist school of criminology however opposes this classical school of thinking, positivism states that the object of study is the offender, and that the nature of the offender is driven by biological, psychological and pathological influences. Their response to the crime is that of giving a interference of an indeterminate length, depending on individual circumstances.Unlike classicism, positivism views criminal behaviour as irrational and perhaps due to a problem (biological, animal(prenominal) or psychological) that an individual has, therefore they are partially relieved of the crime they committed.Cesare Lombroso is related to much positivist thinking, as a psychiatrist he looked at criminals as being throwbacks to a more primitive breaker point of human development, he compared physiologic features of criminals and related them to more primitive stages of manhood and formed a prediction based on measurements of skulls and main physical features, of how certain criminals look. Lombrosos thinking clashed with that of classical thinking, saying that criminals were born not made, and they are not rational as they reproduce thoughts similar to that of inferior humanity.The differences between the thinking behind both the classical school of criminology and the positivist school of criminology highlight the strengths and weaknesses that are associated with both. The classical school has much less biological fact and figures backing up its views, however it has proven successful in reducing crime rates and in providing a deterrent and a way in which to successfully contain individuals who rebel against the system.Unlike positivism which doesnt have any form of punishment, just a form of treatment, the classical school shows criminals that they cannot behave in certain ways in order to maximise their pleasure and minimise pain if it involves breaking the law, it does this successfully because the punishment that is given is more than that of the pleasure that they would receive. Therefore as rational thinkers, individuals contemplating criminal behaviours would not do so due to the laws set in place to deter the behaviour.However the main weakness of the classical school of criminological thinking is that it considers all criminals to be rational and make decisions by free will, but not all individuals are rational and not all their behaviours are free, as if an individual had a mental illness or a physical defect, this may totally change the way in which they act and think.The social construction of crime has changed over time feudalistic and religious influences have changed, and affected the criminological theory used.When the Classical school developed it was in a time of major reform in penology, there were many legal reforms at the time due to the french revolution and the legal system was developed in the united states, which would have had an effect on the united kingdom making an increased essay to set laws on crime in stone.As modernity has progressed so has the development of the judicial systems, if positivism was used as the main criminological thinking then these systems wouldnt exist because positivism uses treatments to the criminal in order to solve crime. This could be why the classical school of criminology has been so important and still is, because it protects various organisations set out to remove crime and it also provides a good theoretical basis on which more novel theories have been developed.

The Soviet Union :: essays research papers

While in the Soviet juncture for six months, I learned a lot aboout the lives of people financial backing there. When (find word) the American democratic and the Soviet (find word) approach to government I form major differences in each system approach to personal freedoms of its citizens, grammatical construction of government, and control over confederacy. in that location is a major difference in citicens personal freedoms. Here in America the government attempts to preserve individualist freedoms and promote equality of opportunity. But over in the Soviet fraternity the government considers their goals be shell the state is more important than individual rights and liverties. Americans can say, write, or protest whenever they want, and they cannot be punished because of the freedom of speech, press, and assembly. Also the police direct a written warrent to search you or your home because citizens be saved by the 4th amendment. Citizens in russia may be punished by bein g sent to the (find word) in Syria, or taking their life if they publicly criticize its leaders. The government does not all in allow people to establish newspapers that scar it. Also the secret police dont need a reasonable cause to search your home or yourself. The citicens rights ain the Soviet Union are very different from Americans.The structure of the government in Russia is very simple. The government, mostly Stalin, has the power. Absolute authority over the country is in the hand of whiz leader. There are no free elections, and the only way to lease a dictator is by force. Fear and threats are used to watch over peace. Over here in America the power is in the hands of many elected officials. Government is limited by the consent of government. There are many political parties, and power in government changes finished peaceful means. Government in America is very complex.Russian society evolves around one person, and that is Stalin. He has control over everything. He owns all the property and businesses. He wants people to think that he takes everything people chafe and gives it back equally, but he really gives most of it to the military and forgain countriesfir money. Peasants are starving to death just because Stalin wants to have the best military.America, on the other(a) hand, citizens control the economy and the social aspects of their lives.

Animal Farm, 1984 Essays -- Animal Farm Essays

Animal farm and 1984 short sleep, the leader of all the animals of the Rebellion, can be compared and contrasted with biggish sidekick, the leader of all the people of 1984. Both gigantic Brother and Napoleon show the qualities of a cruel ruler. Similar to Big Brother, Napoleon is a secretive plotter who works behind the scenes rather than openly. However, hostile Napoleon, Big Brother periodically appears on the television screen. Napoleon and Big Brother two work continually to weaken their rivals, whether it is by removing snowball or eliminate Rutherford. Both place importance on confused ceremonies and parades to prevent their workers from thinking about their schemes. Napoleons control over animal farm is not as powerful as Big Brothers control over the workers in 1984 (Oceania). In the service of their ruler, Squealer and Winston both revise history. Winstons task at the Ministry of Truth is to alter the past to showcase the present. Squealers duty is to amend the Sev en Commandments also to suit the present. However, Squealer supports the views and beliefs of Napolean wheras Winston does not support the rules of Big Brother. Parson and Boxer are both characterized by their willingness to work, constantly volunteering for work whenever something needed to be done. Boxer worked constantly to get along the windmill and Parson worked endlessly organizing marches and parades. Preparation for Hate workweek was described a "Processions, meetings, military parades, lectures, film shows,...

Bobby Knight Essay -- Coach Coaching Bobby Knight Essays

Bobby buckIn the San Juan heat of 1984, coach-and-fouring leg oddity Bobby Knight became in celebrated for his assault on a Puerto Rican security guard oer a practice time during the Olympic preliminaries (Biography 2). Headlines of one of the most famous college basketb all told coaches of all time havent come to an end since. The veteran coach from the state of Ohio has since thrown a chair crosswise a gym floor, been video taped choking a role player, and assaulted naturalise employees and fellow students on the campus of Indiana. He has been in heated arguments with anyone from school presidents to the media by and by heart breaking losses. Scrutiny and controversy have followed Bobby Knight incessantly since he brought his disciplined style of basketball to the scene of college athletics. Love him or hate him, Bobby Knight is one of the most controversial and talked about coaches of all time. He steals the headlines and spotlight no matter where he is which leaves a picturesque line in public opinion. The criticism of Knight and actions were displayed very powerfully by J.C. Watts in the Sporting News magazine.J.C. Watts is a well respect and known Republican Representative of the state of Oklahoma. He was an All-American college football player at the University of Oklahoma and has been around strong traditional athletic programs ever since his collegiate career (Watts 1). In his article My Turn which appeared in the January 12, 2004 rendering of the Sporting News, Watts voices his opinion on Bobby Knight as an outsider tone in with strong incite.Watts, like many individuals, feel that the NCAA (National Collegiate acrobatic Association) and the general public have seen enough antics from Bobby Knight. He believes the tirades and disruptions of coll... ...an most coaches could until now dream of. The guy is a winner, competitor, disciplinarian, and most importantly a expectant individual. Oh, and he may just be the greatest colle ge basketball coach of all-timeWorks CitedCaldwell, Christopher. Knight Falls. National Review 9 Oct. 2000 30. Ebsco Host. academician Search Premier. Indiana University. 14 Apr 2004 .Watts, J.C. Knights Act is Old, notwithstanding in a New Year. The Sporting News 12 Jan2004 7. Lexis Nexis. academician Search Premiere. 14 Apr 2004 .Outside the Lines. College Athletics. ESPN. Bristol, CN. 2001.Biography of Bobby Knight. 2000. A&E Biography., .

Use of Doubles in the Film, Shadow of A Doubt :: Movie Film Essays

practise of Doubles in the Film, touch of A Doubt The film Shadow of A Doubt uses manifold, a film concept in which a shot is created and then later exposed once again in another frame. There argon various scenes in the movie where double are used to imply different ideas. Three concrete examples of this achievement include the scenes where Uncle Charlie and young Charlie wake up, the scenes where both Charlies say that sex act Emma about Uncles evildoings will be hurtful, and the scene of the trains going in opposites directions of separately other.First and foremost, the scene where Uncle Charlie wakes up parallels directly to the scene of forgetful Charlie waking up. The director makes it obvious that these two characters will be linked in some way through this use of doubles. Later in the film, we husking that these two characters are closely connected but have a contrasting relationship. Their relationship was iodine of much love when Uncle first arrived to the family, and suddenly turned sour when little Charlie told Uncle that there was something inside him that no i knew. Next, Shadow of A Doubt uses the two different scenes where both Uncle Charlie and little Charlie say that telling Emma about Uncle will be hurtful are both combined into a double. The director does this in order to permit the viewer see that both Uncle and little Charlie have coarse thoughts even off though they have different perceptions on life. They have a common goal and that is for no one else to hurt from Uncles hidden evils. Lastly, this film uses doubles in the final scene of the movie where the two trains cross apiece other. This sequence is important due to the fact that Uncle was thrown under one of the trains to his death.

Fighting the War on Terrorism Essay -- Terror Terrorists 9/11 Essays

It has been said that the easiest way to discredit some unitary in the political field of study is to accuse them of possessing Machiavellian morals. Until recently, todays political arena has been consumed by such unreal and controversial topics as human rights and the environment. Thus, it is easy to see why existence referred to as a disciple of the austere Machiavellian principle could chair in the untimely death of a political career. However, as of family line 11th, the times have changed and so should the mindset with which politicians approach such k nonty topics. This tragedy was not, however, suffered in vain. Underneath this enveloping shroud of sadness, there were a few blessings in disguise. Outwardly, the nation acquired a renewed sense of adept and the spirit of nationalism was re-ignited. However, there was another consequence left butt joint by that fateful day that was not witnessed in the displays of American flags or candle light vigils. In this moment of utter despair, the United States was afforded an luck to re-assert itself as the avenger of justice and defender of liberty. As the trailblazer, the United States has acquire the right and privilege to set the precedents in this unconventional war against terror. The equivocalness surrounding the issue of terrorism has been in large part accountable for the failure of past attempts at international cooperation on this matter. It is time to take alternative methodology. As Machiavelli implies, The state is expected to devise his own, new, remedies if the old ones will not suffice(Parel, 10). Surprisingly, the solution to this proverbial problem is found in one of the most traditional and perhaps, polemical political ideologies. The most promising pr... ...In vow to successfully combat terrorism, the United States must adopt a circumscribed mindset similar to that of the terrorists. Specific whollyy, it must begin see the world as a fight between good versus evil. However, it mu st remember to be prudent in its conduct of foreign policy. But above all the United States must bear in mind, It is better to be feared, than to be loved. But that it is also better to be loved than hated (Machiavelli). Bibliography Books Betts, Richard, K. negate After the Cold War. New York Longman Press, 2001.Machiavelli, Nicclo. The Prince. Trans. H. C. Mansfeld. Chicago The University of Chicago Press, 1985. Parel, Anthony. The Political densification Essays on Machiavellis Philosophy. Toronto University of Toronto Press, 1972.Internet http//www.religion-on-line.orghttp//www.newsmax.com

The motherboard is the main circuit board of a microcomputer Essay

January 28, 2005The motherboard is the principal(prenominal) circuit board of a microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching carryitional boards. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces, attendant and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard fringy devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all these chips that reside on the motherboard are known as the motherboards chipset. On more or less PCs, it is possible to add memory chips directly to the motherboard. You may also be able to encourage to a faster CP by replacing the CPU chip. To add supererogatory core features, you may need to replace the motherboard entirely. (Glossary) Also known as the logic board, main board, or computer board, the motherboard is the computers main board and in most cases holds all CPU, memory, and I/O functions or has expansion slots for them. (Kingston )The motherboard is the most important part of your computer. It is also one of the most compared, critiqued, and reviewed pieces of hardware. Often, on the internet, youll escort reviews and debates over which board is best or which chipset is best. The chipset controls the system and its capabilities. It is the hub of all info transfer. It is a series of chips on the motherboard, easily identified as the largest chips on the board with the exception of the CPU. Chip s...

Suicide :: essays research papers

           Nobody chooses to be born notwithstanding we all befuddle the option to take our own life. Teenagers face many problems in todays society. Depression, gangs and drugs ar all negative pressures on adolescents. Suicide,( a very serious issue) seems to pass off up more and more often. "I am depressed, ashamed of my looks, I have no friendsnothing," a troubled teenager would say, "Killing myself is the only when solution." Is it? According to statistics, " self-annihilation is the third leading cause of death among teenage people 15 to 25 years of age, following unintentional injuries and homicide". crossways the country, psychologists are treating the "suicidal teenager" with counseling and even medication. Family and friends are as well as very supportive. But who is to say if one should live or pass out. When we are born we live until we die, but when is that? When you get run over by a car? Drown? Executed, or when you kill yourself? Society tends to invest a lot of pressure onto those people with mental and physical disabilities. reservation them feel like something is seriously wrong. some(prenominal) people believe that cosmos homosexual is wrong and all human beings should be wiped of the face of the earth. Why do they believe this? Because in the way that they were raised their environment taught them that being gay is wrong. In our society today anything said or done target be easily expressed incorrectly and therefore misunderstood. There is constantly someone that is going to dissect and analysis each and everything someone says or does. Leaving people hopelessly misinterpreted. There is no truth in what people say the only truth is whatever you want to believe. Some people may believe that an effective way to make a statement is by committing suicide.Born only to die. What is life? Is it going to school, get a good job, making lots of money or committi ng suicide? It depends on what your values and morals are. We are all going to die eventually, but it doesnt have to be now. If problems appear there is always a solution, it is your option what to do about it and killing yourself should not be an option. No one has the right to say self-murder is wrong, it may be stupid but if you select to kill yourself it is you that decides what life is. I have had a fewer friends who have seriously considered ending their life.

The Leadership Secrets of Santa Claus Essay examples -- essays researc

The following is a volume report about The lead Secrets of Santa Claus, and was written by, (Cottrell, et al., 2003). This is an eighty-page leadership skill-building book, published by the Performance Systems Corporation in 2003. There are eight main points (Santa Secrets) demonstrateed by the authors in this book and I agree with them all. However, I will attempt to reveal why I agree that to Build A Wonderful Workshop is important, discuss one secret ( pick up To The Elves) I see being practised in my unit, and express how I will spearhead effecting to Share The draw And Cookies.I agree with the authors idea of Building a wonderful store. This chapter speaks on making our mission our main idea while recollect our core values to help us stay focused on our teammates and purpose. Our mission, values, and team are the foundation, cornerstone, and core of what we do, how well we do it, why we do it, and how we see each other in our given roles. If we as a team earnestly keep t his statement and all it incorporates as our focus, wherefore I believe the other eight secrets cannot be far off. star of the secrets I see being practiced in my unit is Listen to the Elves.In this chapter the author discusses the importance of inviting participation from the team. The author also encourages the proofreader to notice how others perceive them and to spend some time walking in their teammates shoes. I believe this motto involves the entire team, is a constant naturalize in progress...

The Ending of Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis :: Metamorphosis essays

The Ending of Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis         At first glance, the last(a) examination four pages of Franz Kafkas novel The Metamorphosis seem to be meaningless.  This assumption, however, is anything but the truth.  The final four pages, although seeming to be of no importance, serve to show the commentator how the Samsa family kinds as a result of the main characters, Gregor Samsas, death.  The familys multifariousnesss are best exemplified in two different shafts the scene at the kitchen table, and the scene on the trolley.         During the scene at the kitchen table, there is a common change among the family members their new willingness to do things independently.  Their bold act of writing letters of excuse is a low-cal example of their new independence.  Prior to Gregors death, the family relied completely on Gregors financial hurt and had little in terms of responsibilities.  Kafka explains this lack of work when he writes, they Gregors parents had create the conviction that Gregor was set for life in his firm . . . they were so preoccupy with their immediate troubles that they had lost all consideration for the future,(17).  By taking the possible action and writing to their employers, Gregors family proves that they no longer depend on Gregor.           The scene at the kitchen table proves revealing once again when Mr. Samsa announces that he will attempt the cleanup position lady (17).  By doing so, Mr. Samsa demonstrates that he has changed and can take responsibility.  Grete (Gregors sister) and Mrs. Samsa similarly show that they lay down changed by not contesting Mr. Samsas decision to fire the cleaning lady.  In retrospect, firing the cleaning lady is an additional step towards change from the past.           The second revealing scene is the scene on the tr olley.  In this scene, Kafka reveals the familys plans for the future, as well as the significant changes in Grete.  He also emphasizes that passing the apartment together is something they the family had not done in months(58).  Demonstrating again their change to independence.  Similarly, the familys plan to buy a smaller and cheaper apartment (58) further proves that they have become independent. Kafkas remarks pertaining to Grete reveal a different kind of change.  During all of the uplift involving Gregor, Grete matured both physically and mentally.

Arrangment in Black and White Essay -- essays research papers

Dorothy Parkers Arrangement in Black and White is set during a dinner ships company for the legionss friend, Walter Williams, an African American musician. Though the party is celebrated in his name, most of the conversation takes place between the host and the main character, the woman with pink velvet poppies. From the conversation, the audience can generalise that though this woman admires Walter Williamss musical talent, she is unable to let go of the racist sentiment against his African American heritage. The author adds a tincture of sophisticated cynicism as she makes this point clear by having the main characters ironically make frequent references concerning how untroubled she is about the color of his skin. This argument is march on emphasized when she greets Walter Williams her body language and topic choice gives her predicament away. by this story Parker implies that with the end of slavery did not entail the changing of the hearts and minds of its supporters, no matter how much cardinal can deny it to oneself.Dorothy Parker sets up her main character be in conflict with all her possessed qualities. For example, although her age is never stated, she seems young judgment by her energetic and outspoken qualities, but old enough to be married and have set opinions toward other races. Also, though she comes across as a woman with a forward natureshown as she grabs the hosts arm to get her attentionshe also is seen as a nervous character, bec...

Nathaniel Hawthornes The Artist of the Beautiful Essay -- Hawthorne A

Nathaniel Hawthornes The Artist of the Beautiful He had caught a far separate flutter than this. When the workman rose high enough to achieve the beautiful, the attribute by which he made it perceptible to mortal senses became of little regard as in his eyes while his touch possessed itself in the diversion of the legitimateity.-Hawthorne, The Artist of the Beautiful. In The Artist of the Beautiful by Nathaniel Hawthorne, fictive process is represented as the practice of creating an animated mechanism in the shape of a bray and imbuing it with the spirit of Owen Warland the pursuer of beauty. Owen is confronted with the skepticisms of Robert Danforth, a blacksmith, and gumshoe Hovenden, a retired watch maker. Both Robert and diaphysis describe Owens effort to stool beauty as a futile struggle while he could be making watches that are useful and profitable. Owens love toward Annie Hovenden, lady friend of Peter Hovenden, puts Owen in a very difficult position of loving the daughter of his enemy. After witnessing two incidents of destruction of his project, receiving the despairing news of Annies marriage to Robert, and massive days and night of toil, Owen lowestly presents his product of a small auto as a belated-bridal gift to Annie. The story suggests that art is a individual(prenominal) pursuit of the artists ideal that takes his or her imagination and intellect beyond the real world to see beauty. The artist strives to produce a materialized representation of his or her vision of beauty. This act of creativity involves effort, toil, inspiration, failure, and is accompanied by the scorn and reprehension of others who do non understand, as Arthur Koestler puts, the bisociative connection the artist makes in his inspirati... ...est of the society. Owen presents his final product, an animated butterfly, as a belated bridal gift to Annie. The butterfly that Owen made is so lively that Annie, Robert, and Peter question whether it is alive. To this question, Owen responds that his work has wrapped his own being into itself and it is a representation of his intellect, the imagination, the sensibility, and the soul of an Artist of the Beautiful (350). The butterfly well might be a representation of the spirit of an artist as its beauty and light diminishes in an atmosphere of doubt and banter (352). Although the cost of his toil and thought was only to be shattered once more by a stroke of a baby, the destruction of his masterpiece did not disappoint him for he rose high enough to achieve the beautiful... and his spirit possessed itself in the enjoyment of the reality (354).

Renaissance Period and the Start of Humanism :: European Europe History

The metempsychosis Period and the pass over of Humanism The Renaissance was an incredibly important turning point in WesternIntellectual and Cultural Tradition. either of these changes centered aroundthe motif of Humanism -- in which, deal became less God Centered andto a heavy(p)er extent Human-centered. I have narrowed down these changes, and will wrangle in detail, these changes in three major categories Political,Education, and the Humanism of Arts. The major pollical changes of the Renaissance were from the quondam(a) FeudalSystem of the Middle Ages into a more elastic and liberal class system.This was most noticeable in Italy (particularly in Florence), where thedivisions consisted of the old rich, the refreshful rich nobles, the middle class,and the lower middle class(The poor didnt count). This created greatconflict between these social divisions. The new rich consisted ofsuccessful merchants, capitalists, and bankers innovators of new systems ofmaking m oney. The Humanism philosophy was also a very touristed with thepeople and many political leaders rose to high positions with entertain ofthese ideals. Three humanists even became chancellors of Florence -- theyused their rhetorical skills to strongly r every last(predicate)y the people of Florenceagainst their enemies. The great changes in Education of the Renaissance were inspired atfirst, by the desire of Humanists to be wise and to speak eloquently. Theidea of useful fosterage for the people, and very well rounded schoolingin many variant fields of learning were the new defined goals ofRenaissance education. deal all over (Especially in Florence) revivedthe Ancient Greek studies of Plato, Aristotle, and many others. Peoplebegan seriously questioning what these people said and re-developed theScientific Theory in which you didnt just accept whatever was said toyou, but you tested the accuracy of it. In the area of Humanism and the Arts, Renaissance Artists no l ongerwere dependant to the interests and the values of the Clergy, and wereable to create anything of their artistic will. Both men and women werenow able to appreciated arts beyond just apparitional themes. Artists couldalso now take advantage of new techniques, such as oil painting and linearperspective to enhance the quality of their works. All of the greatartists of the time used became who they were solely because of this newartistic liberty that the Renaissance brought them. These artists alsocreated works that were more complex than before.